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ZSHCONTRIB(1)               General Commands Manual              ZSHCONTRIB(1)

NAME
       zshcontrib - user contributions to zsh

DESCRIPTION
       The  Zsh  source distribution includes a number of items contributed by
       the user community.  These are not inherently a part of the shell,  and
       some may not be available in every zsh installation.  The most signifi-
       cant of these are documented here.  For documentation on other contrib-
       uted  items  such as shell functions, look for comments in the function
       source files.

UTILITIES
   Accessing On-Line Help
       The key sequence ESC h is normally bound by ZLE to execute the run-help
       widget  (see  zshzle(1)).   This  invokes the run-help command with the
       command word from the current input line as its argument.  By  default,
       run-help  is an alias for the man command, so this often fails when the
       command word is a shell builtin or a  user-defined  function.   By  re-
       defining  the run-help alias, one can improve the on-line help provided
       by the shell.

       The helpfiles utility, found in the Util directory of the distribution,
       is a Perl program that can be used to process the zsh manual to produce
       a separate help file for each shell builtin and for  many  other  shell
       features  as  well.  The autoloadable run-help function, found in Func-
       tions/Misc, searches for these helpfiles  and  performs  several  other
       tests to produce the most complete help possible for the command.

       Help files are installed by default to a subdirectory of /usr/share/zsh
       or /usr/local/share/zsh.

       To create your own help files with helpfiles, choose or create a direc-
       tory where the individual command help files will reside.  For example,
       you might choose ~/zsh_help.  If you unpacked the zsh  distribution  in
       your home directory, you would use the commands:

              mkdir ~/zsh_help
              perl ~/zsh-5.8/Util/helpfiles ~/zsh_help

       The  HELPDIR parameter tells run-help where to look for the help files.
       When unset, it uses the default installation path.  To use your own set
       of  help files, set this to the appropriate path in one of your startup
       files:

              HELPDIR=~/zsh_help

       To use the run-help function, you need to add lines something like  the
       following to your .zshrc or equivalent startup file:

              unalias run-help
              autoload run-help

       Note  that  in order for `autoload run-help' to work, the run-help file
       must be in one of the directories named in your fpath array  (see  zsh-
       param(1)).   This should already be the case if you have a standard zsh
       installation; if it is not, copy Functions/Misc/run-help to  an  appro-
       priate directory.

   Recompiling Functions
       If  you frequently edit your zsh functions, or periodically update your
       zsh installation to track the latest developments, you  may  find  that
       function  digests compiled with the zcompile builtin are frequently out
       of date with respect to the function source files.  This is not usually
       a  problem, because zsh always looks for the newest file when loading a
       function, but it may cause slower shell startup and  function  loading.
       Also,  if  a digest file is explicitly used as an element of fpath, zsh
       won't check whether any of its source files has changed.

       The zrecompile autoloadable function, found in Functions/Misc,  can  be
       used to keep function digests up to date.

       zrecompile [ -qt ] [ name ... ]
       zrecompile [ -qt ] -p arg ... [ -- arg ... ]
              This tries to find *.zwc files and automatically re-compile them
              if at least one of the original files is newer than the compiled
              file.  This works only if the names stored in the compiled files
              are full paths or are relative to the  directory  that  contains
              the .zwc file.

              In the first form, each name is the name of a compiled file or a
              directory containing *.zwc files that should be checked.  If  no
              arguments  are  given,  the directories and *.zwc files in fpath
              are used.

              When -t is given, no compilation is performed, but a return sta-
              tus  of  zero  (true)  is set if there are files that need to be
              re-compiled and non-zero (false) otherwise.  The -q option  qui-
              ets the chatty output that describes what zrecompile is doing.

              Without  the  -t  option, the return status is zero if all files
              that needed re-compilation could be  compiled  and  non-zero  if
              compilation for at least one of the files failed.

              If  the  -p  option is given, the args are interpreted as one or
              more sets of arguments for zcompile, separated by `--'.  For ex-
              ample:

                     zrecompile -p \
                                -R ~/.zshrc -- \
                                -M ~/.zcompdump -- \
                                ~/zsh/comp.zwc ~/zsh/Completion/*/_*

              This  compiles  ~/.zshrc into ~/.zshrc.zwc if that doesn't exist
              or if it is older than  ~/.zshrc.  The  compiled  file  will  be
              marked  for  reading  instead  of  mapping. The same is done for
              ~/.zcompdump and ~/.zcompdump.zwc, but  this  compiled  file  is
              marked   for   mapping.   The  last  line  re-creates  the  file
              ~/zsh/comp.zwc if any of the files matching the given pattern is
              newer than it.

              Without  the  -p option, zrecompile does not create function di-
              gests that do not already exist, nor does it add  new  functions
              to the digest.

       The  following  shell loop is an example of a method for creating func-
       tion digests for all functions in your fpath, assuming  that  you  have
       write permission to the directories:

              for ((i=1; i <= $#fpath; ++i)); do
                dir=$fpath[i]
                zwc=${dir:t}.zwc
                if [[ $dir == (.|..) || $dir == (.|..)/* ]]; then
                  continue
                fi
                files=($dir/*(N-.))
                if [[ -w $dir:h && -n $files ]]; then
                  files=(${${(M)files%/*/*}#/})
                  if ( cd $dir:h &&
                       zrecompile -p -U -z $zwc $files ); then
                    fpath[i]=$fpath[i].zwc
                  fi
                fi
              done

       The  -U and -z options are appropriate for functions in the default zsh
       installation fpath; you may need to use different options for your per-
       sonal function directories.

       Once  the digests have been created and your fpath modified to refer to
       them, you can keep them up to date by running zrecompile with no  argu-
       ments.

   Keyboard Definition
       The  large  number of possible combinations of keyboards, workstations,
       terminals, emulators, and window systems makes it impossible for zsh to
       have  built-in  key  bindings  for  every situation.  The zkbd utility,
       found in Functions/Misc, can help you quickly create key  bindings  for
       your configuration.

       Run zkbd either as an autoloaded function, or as a shell script:

              zsh -f ~/zsh-5.8/Functions/Misc/zkbd

       When  you  run  zkbd, it first asks you to enter your terminal type; if
       the default it offers is correct, just press return.  It then asks  you
       to  press  a  number  of different keys to determine characteristics of
       your keyboard and terminal; zkbd warns you if it finds anything out  of
       the ordinary, such as a Delete key that sends neither ^H nor ^?.

       The  keystrokes  read by zkbd are recorded as a definition for an asso-
       ciative array named key, written to a file in  the  subdirectory  .zkbd
       within  either your HOME or ZDOTDIR directory.  The name of the file is
       composed from the TERM, VENDOR and OSTYPE  parameters,  joined  by  hy-
       phens.

       You  may  read  this file into your .zshrc or another startup file with
       the `source' or `.' commands, then reference the key parameter in bind-
       key commands, like this:

              source ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.zkbd/$TERM-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE
              [[ -n ${key[Left]} ]] && bindkey "${key[Left]}" backward-char
              [[ -n ${key[Right]} ]] && bindkey "${key[Right]}" forward-char
              # etc.

       Note  that  in order for `autoload zkbd' to work, the zkdb file must be
       in one of the directories named in your fpath array (see  zshparam(1)).
       This  should  already  be the case if you have a standard zsh installa-
       tion; if it is not, copy Functions/Misc/zkbd to an  appropriate  direc-
       tory.

   Dumping Shell State
       Occasionally  you  may encounter what appears to be a bug in the shell,
       particularly if you are using a beta version of zsh  or  a  development
       release.  Usually it is sufficient to send a description of the problem
       to one of the zsh mailing lists (see zsh(1)), but sometimes one of  the
       zsh developers will need to recreate your environment in order to track
       the problem down.

       The script named reporter, found in the Util directory of the distribu-
       tion,  is  provided for this purpose.  (It is also possible to autoload
       reporter, but reporter is not installed in  fpath  by  default.)   This
       script  outputs  a detailed dump of the shell state, in the form of an-
       other script that can be read with `zsh -f' to recreate that state.

       To use reporter, read the script into your shell with the  `.'  command
       and redirect the output into a file:

              . ~/zsh-5.8/Util/reporter > zsh.report

       You should check the zsh.report file for any sensitive information such
       as passwords and delete them by hand before sending the script  to  the
       developers.   Also,  as the output can be voluminous, it's best to wait
       for the developers to ask for this information before sending it.

       You can also use reporter to dump only a subset  of  the  shell  state.
       This is sometimes useful for creating startup files for the first time.
       Most of the output from reporter is far more detailed than  usually  is
       necessary  for  a  startup  file, but the aliases, options, and zstyles
       states may be useful because they include only  changes  from  the  de-
       faults.   The  bindings  state may be useful if you have created any of
       your own keymaps, because reporter arranges to dump the keymap creation
       commands as well as the bindings for every keymap.

       As is usual with automated tools, if you create a startup file with re-
       porter, you should edit the results  to  remove  unnecessary  commands.
       Note  that  if  you're  using the new completion system, you should not
       dump the functions state to your startup files with reporter;  use  the
       compdump function instead (see zshcompsys(1)).

       reporter [ state ... ]
              Print  to  standard  output  the indicated subset of the current
              shell state.  The state arguments may be one or more of:

              all    Output everything listed below.
              aliases
                     Output alias definitions.
              bindings
                     Output ZLE key maps and bindings.
              completion
                     Output old-style compctl  commands.   New  completion  is
                     covered by functions and zstyles.
              functions
                     Output autoloads and function definitions.
              limits Output limit commands.
              options
                     Output setopt commands.
              styles Same as zstyles.
              variables
                     Output  shell parameter assignments, plus export commands
                     for any environment variables.
              zstyles
                     Output zstyle commands.

              If the state is omitted, all is assumed.

       With the exception of `all', every state can be abbreviated by any pre-
       fix, even a single letter; thus a is the same as aliases, z is the same
       as zstyles, etc.

   Manipulating Hook Functions
       add-zsh-hook [ -L | -dD ] [ -Uzk ] hook function
              Several functions are special to the shell, as described in  the
              section  SPECIAL FUNCTIONS, see zshmisc(1), in that they are au-
              tomatically called at specific points  during  shell  execution.
              Each has an associated array consisting of names of functions to
              be called at the same point; these  are  so-called  `hook  func-
              tions'.   The  shell function add-zsh-hook provides a simple way
              of adding or removing functions from the array.

              hook is one of chpwd, periodic, precmd, preexec,  zshaddhistory,
              zshexit,  or  zsh_directory_name, the special functions in ques-
              tion.  Note that zsh_directory_name is called in a different way
              from  the  other  functions,  but  may still be manipulated as a
              hook.

              function is name of an ordinary shell function.  If  no  options
              are given this will be added to the array of functions to be ex-
              ecuted in the given context.  Functions are invoked in the order
              they were added.

              If  the  option -L is given, the current values for the hook ar-
              rays are listed with typeset.

              If the option -d is given, the function is removed from the  ar-
              ray of functions to be executed.

              If  the option -D is given, the function is treated as a pattern
              and any matching names of functions are removed from  the  array
              of functions to be executed.

              The  options  -U,  -z and -k are passed as arguments to autoload
              for function.  For functions contributed with zsh,  the  options
              -Uz are appropriate.

       add-zle-hook-widget [ -L | -dD ] [ -Uzk ] hook widgetname
              Several  widget  names  are  special  to the line editor, as de-
              scribed in the section Special Widgets, see zshzle(1),  in  that
              they are automatically called at specific points during editing.
              Unlike function hooks, these do not use a  predefined  array  of
              other  names  to  call  at  the  same  point; the shell function
              add-zle-hook-widget maintains a similar array and  arranges  for
              the special widget to invoke those additional widgets.

              hook  is  one  of isearch-exit, isearch-update, line-pre-redraw,
              line-init, line-finish, history-line-set, or keymap-select, cor-
              responding to each of the special widgets zle-isearch-exit, etc.
              The special widget names are also accepted as the hook argument.

              widgetname is the name of a ZLE widget.  If no options are given
              this is added to the array of widgets to be invoked in the given
              hook context.  Widgets are invoked in the order they were added,
              with
                     zle widgetname -Nw -- "$@"

              Note  that this means that the `WIDGET' special parameter tracks
              the widgetname when the widget function is called,  rather  than
              tracking the name of the corresponding special hook widget.

              If  the  option  -d is given, the widgetname is removed from the
              array of widgets to be executed.

              If the option -D is given, the widgetname is treated as  a  pat-
              tern  and any matching names of widgets are removed from the ar-
              ray.

              If widgetname does not name an existing widget when added to the
              array, it is assumed that a shell function also named widgetname
              is meant to provide the implementation of the widget.  This name
              is  therefore marked for autoloading, and the options -U, -z and
              -k are passed as arguments to  autoload  as  with  add-zsh-hook.
              The widget is also created with `zle -N widgetname' to cause the
              corresponding function to be loaded the first time the  hook  is
              called.

              The arrays of widgetname are currently maintained in zstyle con-
              texts, one for each hook context, with a style of `widgets'.  If
              the  -L  option  is  given,  this  set  of styles is listed with
              `zstyle -L'.  This implementation may change,  and  the  special
              widgets   that   refer   to  the  styles  are  created  only  if
              add-zle-hook-widget is called to add at least one widget, so  if
              this  function  is  used for any hooks, then all hooks should be
              managed only via this function.

REMEMBERING RECENT DIRECTORIES
       The function cdr allows you to change the working directory to a previ-
       ous working directory from a list maintained automatically.  It is sim-
       ilar in concept to the directory stack controlled by  the  pushd,  popd
       and  dirs  builtins, but is more configurable, and as it stores all en-
       tries in files it is maintained across sessions and  (by  default)  be-
       tween  terminal emulators in the current session.  Duplicates are auto-
       matically removed, so that the list reflects the single most recent use
       of each directory.

       Note that the pushd directory stack is not actually modified or used by
       cdr unless you configure it to do so as described in the  configuration
       section below.

   Installation
       The  system works by means of a hook function that is called every time
       the directory changes.  To install the system,  autoload  the  required
       functions and use the add-zsh-hook function described above:

              autoload -Uz chpwd_recent_dirs cdr add-zsh-hook
              add-zsh-hook chpwd chpwd_recent_dirs

       Now  every time you change directly interactively, no matter which com-
       mand you use, the directory to which you change will be  remembered  in
       most-recent-first order.

   Use
       All direct user interaction is via the cdr function.

       The  argument  to  cdr  is a number N corresponding to the Nth most re-
       cently changed-to directory.  1 is the immediately preceding directory;
       the  current  directory  is remembered but is not offered as a destina-
       tion.  Note that if you have multiple windows open 1 may refer to a di-
       rectory  changed  to  in  another  window; you can avoid this by having
       per-terminal files for storing  directory  as  described  for  the  re-
       cent-dirs-file style below.

       If  you  set the recent-dirs-default style described below cdr will be-
       have the same as cd if given a non-numeric argument, or more  than  one
       argument.   The  recent directory list is updated just the same however
       you change directory.

       If the argument is omitted, 1 is assumed.  This is similar  to  pushd's
       behaviour of swapping the two most recent directories on the stack.

       Completion  for  the  argument to cdr is available if compinit has been
       run; menu selection is recommended, using:

              zstyle ':completion:*:*:cdr:*:*' menu selection

       to allow you to cycle through recent directories;  the  order  is  pre-
       served,  so  the  first  choice is the most recent directory before the
       current one.  The verbose style is also recommended to ensure  the  di-
       rectory  is shown; this style is on by default so no action is required
       unless you have changed it.

   Options
       The behaviour of cdr may be modified by the following options.

       -l     lists the numbers and the corresponding directories in  abbrevi-
              ated  form  (i.e.  with ~ substitution reapplied), one per line.
              The directories here are not quoted (this would only be an issue
              if  a  directory name contained a newline).  This is used by the
              completion system.

       -r     sets the variable reply  to  the  current  set  of  directories.
              Nothing is printed and the directory is not changed.

       -e     allows  you  to edit the list of directories, one per line.  The
              list can be edited to any extent you like; no sanity checking is
              performed.   Completion  is  available.  No quoting is necessary
              (except for newlines, where I have in any case no sympathy); di-
              rectories  are  in  unabbreviated  from  and contain an absolute
              path, i.e. they start with /.  Usually the first entry should be
              left as the current directory.

       -p 'pattern'
              Prunes  any items in the directory list that match the given ex-
              tended glob pattern; the pattern needs to be quoted from immedi-
              ate  expansion  on  the  command  line.   The pattern is matched
              against each completely expanded file name in the list; the full
              string  must  match, so wildcards at the end (e.g. '*removeme*')
              are needed to remove entries with a given substring.

              If output is to a terminal, then the function will print the new
              list  after  pruning  and  prompt  for confirmation by the user.
              This output and confirmation step can be skipped by using -P in-
              stead of -p.

   Configuration
       Configuration is by means of the styles mechanism that should be famil-
       iar from completion; if not, see the description of the zstyle  command
       in  see  zshmodules(1).  The context for setting styles should be ':ch-
       pwd:*' in case the meaning of the context is extended  in  future,  for
       example:

              zstyle ':chpwd:*' recent-dirs-max 0

       sets  the  value  of  the  recent-dirs-max style to 0.  In practice the
       style name is specific enough that a context of '*' should be fine.

       An exception is recent-dirs-insert, which is used  exclusively  by  the
       completion  system  and  so  has  the  usual  completion system context
       (':completion:*' if nothing more specific is needed), though again  '*'
       should be fine in practice.

       recent-dirs-default
              If  true, and the command is expecting a recent directory index,
              and either there is more than one argument or  the  argument  is
              not an integer, then fall through to "cd".  This allows the lazy
              to use only one  command  for  directory  changing.   Completion
              recognises  this, too; see recent-dirs-insert for how to control
              completion when this option is in use.

       recent-dirs-file
              The file where the list of directories is saved.  The default is
              ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.chpwd-recent-dirs,  i.e. this is in your home
              directory unless you have set  the  variable  ZDOTDIR  to  point
              somewhere  else.   Directory  names  are  saved in $'...' quoted
              form, so each line in the file can be supplied directly  to  the
              shell as an argument.

              The  value  of  this  style  may be an array.  In this case, the
              first file in the list will always be used for  saving  directo-
              ries while any other files are left untouched.  When reading the
              recent directory list, if there are fewer than the maximum  num-
              ber of entries in the first file, the contents of later files in
              the array will be appended with duplicates removed from the list
              shown.   The  contents of the two files are not sorted together,
              i.e. all the entries in the first file  are  shown  first.   The
              special  value  + can appear in the list to indicate the default
              file should be read at that point.  This allows effects like the
              following:

                     zstyle ':chpwd:*' recent-dirs-file \
                     ~/.chpwd-recent-dirs-${TTY##*/} +

              Recent  directories  are  read from a file numbered according to
              the terminal.  If there are insufficient  entries  the  list  is
              supplemented from the default file.

              It  is  possible  to use zstyle -e to make the directory config-
              urable at run time:

                     zstyle -e ':chpwd:*' recent-dirs-file pick-recent-dirs-file
                     pick-recent-dirs-file() {
                       if [[ $PWD = ~/text/writing(|/*) ]]; then
                         reply=(~/.chpwd-recent-dirs-writing)
                       else
                         reply=(+)
                       fi
                     }

              In this example, if the current directory is ~/text/writing or a
              directory  under  it,  then use a special file for saving recent
              directories, else use the default.

       recent-dirs-insert
              Used by completion.  If recent-dirs-default is true,  then  set-
              ting  this  to true causes the actual directory, rather than its
              index, to be inserted on the command line; this has the same ef-
              fect  as  using  the  corresponding index, but makes the history
              clearer and the line easier to edit.  With this setting, if part
              of  an  argument  was already typed, normal directory completion
              rather than recent directory completion is done; this is because
              recent  directory  completion  is expected to be done by cycling
              through entries menu fashion.

              If the value of the style is always, then only  recent  directo-
              ries  will  be  completed; in that case, use the cd command when
              you want to complete other directories.

              If the value is  fallback,  recent  directories  will  be  tried
              first,  then  normal directory completion is performed if recent
              directory completion failed to find a match.

              Finally, if the value is both then both sets of completions  are
              presented;  the  usual  tag mechanism can be used to distinguish
              results, with recent directories tagged  as  recent-dirs.   Note
              that the recent directories inserted are abbreviated with direc-
              tory names where appropriate.

       recent-dirs-max
              The maximum number of directories to save to the file.  If  this
              is  zero  or  negative  there is no maximum.  The default is 20.
              Note this includes the current directory, which  isn't  offered,
              so  the highest number of directories you will be offered is one
              less than the maximum.

       recent-dirs-prune
              This style is an array determining what directories  should  (or
              should  not) be added to the recent list.  Elements of the array
              can include:

              parent Prune parents (more accurately, ancestors) from  the  re-
                     cent  list.   If  present,  changing directly down by any
                     number of directories causes the current directory to  be
                     overwritten.    For   example,   changing  from  ~pws  to
                     ~pws/some/other/dir causes ~pws not to be left on the re-
                     cent  directory  stack.   This  only  applies  to  direct
                     changes to descendant directories; earlier directories on
                     the  list  are  not  pruned.   For example, changing from
                     ~pws/yet/another to ~pws/some/other/dir  does  not  cause
                     ~pws to be pruned.

              pattern:pattern
                     Gives  a  zsh  pattern for directories that should not be
                     added to the recent list (if not  already  there).   This
                     element  can  be repeated to add different patterns.  For
                     example, 'pattern:/tmp(|/*)' stops /tmp  or  its  descen-
                     dants  from being added.  The EXTENDED_GLOB option is al-
                     ways turned on for these patterns.

       recent-dirs-pushd
              If set to true, cdr will use pushd instead of cd to  change  the
              directory, so the directory is saved on the directory stack.  As
              the directory stack is completely  separate  from  the  list  of
              files saved by the mechanism used in this file there is no obvi-
              ous reason to do this.

   Use with dynamic directory naming
       It is possible to refer to recent directories using the dynamic  direc-
       tory  name syntax by using the supplied function zsh_directory_name_cdr
       a hook:

              autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook
              add-zsh-hook -Uz zsh_directory_name zsh_directory_name_cdr

       When this is done, ~[1] will refer to the most recent  directory  other
       than $PWD, and so on.  Completion after ~[...  also works.

   Details of directory handling
       This  section  is for the curious or confused; most users will not need
       to know this information.

       Recent directories are saved to a file immediately and hence  are  pre-
       served across sessions.  Note currently no file locking is applied: the
       list is updated immediately on interactive commands  and  nowhere  else
       (unlike history), and it is assumed you are only going to change direc-
       tory in one window at once.  This is not safe on shared  accounts,  but
       in  any case the system has limited utility when someone else is chang-
       ing to a different set of directories behind your back.

       To make this a little safer, only directory changes instituted from the
       command  line,  either  directly  or  indirectly through shell function
       calls (but not through subshells, evals,  traps,  completion  functions
       and  the like) are saved.  Shell functions should use cd -q or pushd -q
       to avoid side effects if the change to the directory is to be invisible
       at  the  command  line.   See  the  contents  of the function chpwd_re-
       cent_dirs for more details.

ABBREVIATED DYNAMIC REFERENCES TO DIRECTORIES
       The dynamic directory naming system is described in the subsection  Dy-
       namic  named  directories of the section Filename Expansion in expn(1).
       In this, a reference to ~[...] is expanded by a function found  by  the
       hooks mechanism.

       The  contributed  function zsh_directory_name_generic provides a system
       allowing the user to refer to directories with only a limited amount of
       new  code.  It supports all three of the standard interfaces for direc-
       tory naming: converting from a name to a directory, converting  in  the
       reverse direction to find a short name, and completion of names.

       The  main feature of this function is a path-like syntax, combining ab-
       breviations at multiple  levels  separated  by  ":".   As  an  example,
       ~[g:p:s] might specify:
       g      The top level directory for your git area.  This first component
              has to match, or the function will return indicating another di-
              rectory name hook function should be tried.

       p      The name of a project within your git area.

       s      The  source  area  within that project.  This allows you to col-
              lapse references to long hierarchies to  a  very  compact  form,
              particularly if the hierarchies are similar across different ar-
              eas of the disk.

       Name components may be completed: if a description is shown at the  top
       of the list of completions, it includes the path to which previous com-
       ponents expand, while the  description  for  an  individual  completion
       shows  the  path  segment it would add.  No additional configuration is
       needed for this as the completion system is aware of the dynamic direc-
       tory name mechanism.

   Usage
       To  use the function, first define a wrapper function for your specific
       case.  We'll assume it's to be autoloaded.  This can have any name  but
       we'll  refer to it as zdn_mywrapper.  This wrapper function will define
       various variables and then call this function with the  same  arguments
       that the wrapper function gets.  This configuration is described below.

       Then arrange for the wrapper to be run as a zsh_directory_name hook:

              autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook zsh_diretory_name_generic zdn_mywrapper
              add-zsh-hook -U zsh_directory_name zdn_mywrapper

   Configuration
       The  wrapper  function should define a local associative array zdn_top.
       Alternatively, this can be set with a style called mapping.   The  con-
       text for the style is :zdn:wrapper-name where wrapper-name is the func-
       tion calling zsh_directory_name_generic; for example:

              zstyle :zdn:zdn_mywrapper: mapping zdn_mywrapper_top

       The keys in this associative array correspond to the first component of
       the  name.   The values are matching directories.  They may have an op-
       tional suffix with a slash followed by a colon and the name of a  vari-
       able  in the same format to give the next component.  (The slash before
       the colon is to disambiguate the case where a colon is  needed  in  the
       path  for  a drive.  There is otherwise no syntax for escaping this, so
       path components whose names start with a colon are not  supported.)   A
       special component :default: specifies a variable in the form /:var (the
       path section is ignored and so is usually empty) that will be used  for
       the next component if no variable is given for the path.  Variables re-
       ferred to within zdn_top have the same format as  zdn_top  itself,  but
       contain relative paths.

       For example,

              local -A zdn_top=(
                g   ~/git
                ga  ~/alternate/git
                gs  /scratch/$USER/git/:second2
                :default: /:second1
              )

       This specifies the behaviour of a directory referred to as ~[g:...]  or
       ~[ga:...] or ~[gs:...].  Later path components are  optional;  in  that
       case   ~[g]   expands   to   ~/git,   and   so   on.    gs  expands  to
       /scratch/$USER/git and uses the associative array second2 to match  the
       second  component;  g and ga use the associative array second1 to match
       the second component.

       When expanding a name to a directory, if the first component is  not  g
       or  ga or gs, it is not an error; the function simply returns 1 so that
       a later hook function can be tried.  However, matching the first compo-
       nent  commits  the function, so if a later component does not match, an
       error is printed (though this still does not stop later hooks from  be-
       ing executed).

       For  components  after the first, a relative path is expected, but note
       that multiple levels may still appear.  Here is an example of second1:

              local -A second1=(
                p   myproject
                s   somproject
                os  otherproject/subproject/:third
              )

       The path as found from zdn_top is extended with the matching directory,
       so ~[g:p] becomes ~/git/myproject.  The slash between is added automat-
       ically (it's not possible to have a later component modify the name  of
       a directory already matched).  Only os specifies a variable for a third
       component, and there's no :default:, so it's an error  to  use  a  name
       like  ~[g:p:x] or ~[ga:s:y] because there's nowhere to look up the x or
       y.

       The associative arrays need to be visible  within  this  function;  the
       generic function therefore uses internal variable names beginning _zdn_
       in order to avoid clashes.  Note that the variable reply  needs  to  be
       passed  back  to the shell, so should not be local in the calling func-
       tion.

       The function does not test whether directories assembled  by  component
       actually  exist; this allows the system to work across automounted file
       systems.  The error from the command trying to use a  non-existent  di-
       rectory should be sufficient to indicate the problem.

   Complete example
       Here is a full fictitious but usable autoloadable definition of the ex-
       ample function defined by the code  above.   So  ~[gs:p:s]  expands  to
       /scratch/$USER/git/myscratchproject/top/srcdir  (with  $USER  also  ex-
       panded).

              local -A zdn_top=(
                g   ~/git
                ga  ~/alternate/git
                gs  /scratch/$USER/git/:second2
                :default: /:second1
              )

              local -A second1=(
                p   myproject
                s   somproject
                os  otherproject/subproject/:third
              )

              local -A second2=(
                p   myscratchproject
                s   somescratchproject
              )

              local -A third=(
                s   top/srcdir
                d   top/documentation
              )

              # autoload not needed if you did this at initialisation...
              autoload -Uz zsh_directory_name_generic
              zsh_directory_name_generic "$@

       It is also possible to use global associative arrays,  suitably  named,
       and  set the style for the context of your wrapper function to refer to
       this.  Then your set up code would contain the following:

              typeset -A zdn_mywrapper_top=(...)
              # ... and so on for other associative arrays ...
              zstyle ':zdn:zdn_mywrapper:' mapping zdn_mywrapper_top
              autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook zsh_directory_name_generic zdn_mywrapper
              add-zsh-hook -U zsh_directory_name zdn_mywrapper

       and the function zdn_mywrapper would contain only the following:

              zsh_directory_name_generic "$@"

GATHERING INFORMATION FROM VERSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
       In a lot of cases, it is nice  to  automatically  retrieve  information
       from version control systems (VCSs), such as subversion, CVS or git, to
       be able to provide it to the user; possibly in the  user's  prompt.  So
       that  you can instantly tell which branch you are currently on, for ex-
       ample.

       In order to do that, you may use the vcs_info function.

       The following VCSs are supported, showing the abbreviated name by which
       they are referred to within the system:
       Bazaar (bzr)
              https://bazaar.canonical.com/
       Codeville (cdv)
              http://freecode.com/projects/codeville/
       Concurrent Versioning System (cvs)
              https://www.nongnu.org/cvs/
       Darcs (darcs)
              http://darcs.net/
       Fossil (fossil)
              https://fossil-scm.org/
       Git (git)
              https://git-scm.com/
       GNU arch (tla)
              https://www.gnu.org/software/gnu-arch/
       Mercurial (hg)
              https://www.mercurial-scm.org/
       Monotone (mtn)
              https://monotone.ca/
       Perforce (p4)
              https://www.perforce.com/
       Subversion (svn)
              https://subversion.apache.org/
       SVK (svk)
              https://svk.bestpractical.com/

       There   is   also   support  for  the  patch  management  system  quilt
       (https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt). See Quilt  Support  below
       for details.

       To load vcs_info:

              autoload -Uz vcs_info

       It  can be used in any existing prompt, because it does not require any
       specific $psvar entries to be available.

   Quickstart
       To get this feature working quickly (including colors), you can do  the
       following (assuming, you loaded vcs_info properly - see above):

              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' actionformats \
                  '%F{5}(%f%s%F{5})%F{3}-%F{5}[%F{2}%b%F{3}|%F{1}%a%F{5}]%f '
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' formats       \
                  '%F{5}(%f%s%F{5})%F{3}-%F{5}[%F{2}%b%F{5}]%f '
              zstyle ':vcs_info:(sv[nk]|bzr):*' branchformat '%b%F{1}:%F{3}%r'
              precmd () { vcs_info }
              PS1='%F{5}[%F{2}%n%F{5}] %F{3}%3~ ${vcs_info_msg_0_}%f%# '

       Obviously,  the last two lines are there for demonstration. You need to
       call vcs_info from your precmd function. Once that is done you  need  a
       single quoted '${vcs_info_msg_0_}' in your prompt.

       To  be  able  to  use '${vcs_info_msg_0_}' directly in your prompt like
       this, you will need to have the PROMPT_SUBST option enabled.

       Now call the vcs_info_printsys utility from the command line:

              % vcs_info_printsys
              ## list of supported version control backends:
              ## disabled systems are prefixed by a hash sign (#)
              bzr
              cdv
              cvs
              darcs
              fossil
              git
              hg
              mtn
              p4
              svk
              svn
              tla
              ## flavours (cannot be used in the enable or disable styles; they
              ## are enabled and disabled with their master [git-svn -> git])
              ## they *can* be used in contexts: ':vcs_info:git-svn:*'.
              git-p4
              git-svn
              hg-git
              hg-hgsubversion
              hg-hgsvn

       You may not want all of these because there is no point in running  the
       code  to  detect  systems you do not use.  So there is a way to disable
       some backends altogether:

              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' disable bzr cdv darcs mtn svk tla

       You may also pick a few from that list and enable only those:

              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable git cvs svn

       If you rerun vcs_info_printsys after one of these  commands,  you  will
       see  the  backends  listed in the disable style (or backends not in the
       enable style - if you used that) marked as disabled  by  a  hash  sign.
       That  means  the  detection  of these systems is skipped completely. No
       wasted time there.

   Configuration
       The vcs_info feature can be configured via zstyle.

       First, the context in which we are working:
              :vcs_info:vcs-string:user-context:repo-root-name

       vcs-string
              is one of: git, git-svn, git-p4,  hg,  hg-git,  hg-hgsubversion,
              hg-hgsvn,  darcs,  bzr, cdv, mtn, svn, cvs, svk, tla, p4 or fos-
              sil.  This is followed by `.quilt-quilt-mode' in Quilt mode (see
              Quilt  Support  for details) and by `+hook-name' while hooks are
              active (see Hooks in vcs_info for details).

              Currently, hooks in quilt mode don't add the `.quilt-quilt-mode'
              information.  This may change in the future.

       user-context
              is  a  freely configurable string, assignable by the user as the
              first argument to vcs_info (see its description below).

       repo-root-name
              is the name of a repository in which you want a style to  match.
              So,  if  you  want a setting specific to /usr/src/zsh, with that
              being a CVS checkout, you can set repo-root-name to zsh to  make
              it so.

       There  are  three  special  values  for  vcs-string: The first is named
       -init-, that is in effect as long as there was  no  decision  what  VCS
       backend  to use. The second is -preinit-; it is used before vcs_info is
       run, when initializing the data exporting variables. The third  special
       value is formats and is used by the vcs_info_lastmsg for looking up its
       styles.

       The initial value of repo-root-name is -all- and it  is  replaced  with
       the actual name, as soon as it is known. Only use this part of the con-
       text for defining the formats, actionformats or branchformat styles, as
       it  is  guaranteed  that  repo-root-name  is set up correctly for these
       only. For all other styles, just use '*' instead.

       There are two pre-defined values for user-context:
       default
              the one used if none is specified
       command
              used by vcs_info_lastmsg to lookup its styles

       You can of course use ':vcs_info:*' to match all VCSs in all  user-con-
       texts at once.

       This is a description of all styles that are looked up.

       formats
              A list of formats, used when actionformats is not used (which is
              most of the time).

       actionformats
              A list of formats, used if there is a special action going on in
              your  current  repository; like an interactive rebase or a merge
              conflict.

       branchformat
              Some backends replace %b in the formats and actionformats styles
              above,  not only by a branch name but also by a revision number.
              This style lets you modify how that string should look.

       nvcsformats
              These "formats" are set when we didn't detect a version  control
              system  for the current directory or vcs_info was disabled. This
              is useful if you want vcs_info to completely take over the  gen-
              eration   of   your   prompt.   You   would  do  something  like
              PS1='${vcs_info_msg_0_}' to accomplish that.

       hgrevformat
              hg uses both a hash and a revision number to  reference  a  spe-
              cific  changeset in a repository. With this style you can format
              the revision string (see  branchformat)  to  include  either  or
              both. It's only useful when get-revision is true. Note, the full
              40-character revision id is not available (except when using the
              use-simple  option)  because  executing  hg  more  than once per
              prompt is too slow; you may customize this behavior using hooks.

       max-exports
              Defines the maximum number of vcs_info_msg_*_ variables vcs_info
              will set.

       enable A  list  of backends you want to use. Checked in the -init- con-
              text. If this list contains an item called NONE  no  backend  is
              used  at all and vcs_info will do nothing. If this list contains
              ALL, vcs_info will use all known backends. Only with ALL in  en-
              able  will  the  disable style have any effect. ALL and NONE are
              case insensitive.

       disable
              A list of VCSs you don't want vcs_info to test for  repositories
              (checked  in  the -init- context, too). Only used if enable con-
              tains ALL.

       disable-patterns
              A list of patterns that are checked against $PWD. If  a  pattern
              matches, vcs_info will be disabled. This style is checked in the
              :vcs_info:-init-:*:-all- context.

              Say, ~/.zsh is a directory under version control, in  which  you
              do not want vcs_info to be active, do:
                     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' disable-patterns "${(b)HOME}/.zsh(|/*)"

       use-quilt
              If  enabled,  the  quilt support code is active in `addon' mode.
              See Quilt Support for details.

       quilt-standalone
              If enabled, `standalone' mode detection is attempted if  no  VCS
              is active in a given directory. See Quilt Support for details.

       quilt-patch-dir
              Overwrite  the value of the $QUILT_PATCHES environment variable.
              See Quilt Support for details.

       quiltcommand
              When quilt itself is called in quilt support, the value of  this
              style is used as the command name.

       check-for-changes
              If  enabled,  this  style causes the %c and %u format escapes to
              show when the working directory  has  uncommitted  changes.  The
              strings  displayed  by  these  escapes can be controlled via the
              stagedstr and unstagedstr styles. The only  backends  that  cur-
              rently  support this option are git, hg, and bzr (the latter two
              only support unstaged).

              For this style to be evaluated with the hg backend, the  get-re-
              vision  style  needs to be set and the use-simple style needs to
              be unset. The latter is the default; the former is not.

              With the bzr backend,  lightweight  checkouts  only  honor  this
              style if the use-server style is set.

              Note, the actions taken if this style is enabled are potentially
              expensive (read: they may be slow, depending on how big the cur-
              rent repository is).  Therefore, it is disabled by default.

       check-for-staged-changes
              This  style  is  like check-for-changes, but it never checks the
              worktree files, only the metadata in the  .${vcs}  dir.   There-
              fore, this style initializes only the %c escape (with stagedstr)
              but  not  the  %u   escape.    This   style   is   faster   than
              check-for-changes.

              In  the git backend, this style checks for changes in the index.
              Other backends do not currently implement this style.

              This style is disabled by default.

       stagedstr
              This string will be used in the %c escape if  there  are  staged
              changes in the repository.

       unstagedstr
              This  string will be used in the %u escape if there are unstaged
              changes in the repository.

       command
              This style causes vcs_info to use the  supplied  string  as  the
              command  to  use as the VCS's binary. Note, that setting this in
              ':vcs_info:*' is not a good idea.

              If the value of this style is empty (which is the default),  the
              used  binary name is the name of the backend in use (e.g. svn is
              used in an svn repository).

              The repo-root-name part in the context  is  always  the  default
              -all- when this style is looked up.

              For example, this style can be used to use binaries from non-de-
              fault installation directories.  Assume,  git  is  installed  in
              /usr/bin but your sysadmin installed a newer version in /usr/lo-
              cal/bin. Instead of changing the order of your $PATH  parameter,
              you can do this:
                     zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*:-all-' command /usr/local/bin/git

       use-server
              This is used by the Perforce backend (p4) to decide if it should
              contact the Perforce server to find out if a directory  is  man-
              aged  by Perforce.  This is the only reliable way of doing this,
              but runs the risk of a delay if the server name cannot be found.
              If  the server (more specifically, the host:port pair describing
              the server) cannot be contacted, its name is put into the  asso-
              ciative  array  vcs_info_p4_dead_servers  and  is  not contacted
              again during the session until it is removed by hand.  If you do
              not  set  this  style, the p4 backend is only usable if you have
              set the environment variable P4CONFIG to a file  name  and  have
              corresponding  files  in  the  root directories of each Perforce
              client.  See comments in  the  function  VCS_INFO_detect_p4  for
              more detail.

              The  Bazaar  backend  (bzr)  uses  this to permit contacting the
              server about lightweight checkouts,  see  the  check-for-changes
              style.

       use-simple
              If  there  are  two different ways of gathering information, you
              can select the simpler one by setting this style  to  true;  the
              default is to use the not-that-simple code, which is potentially
              a lot slower but might be more accurate in all  possible  cases.
              This style is used by the bzr and hg backends. In the case of hg
              it will invoke the external hexdump program to parse the  binary
              dirstate cache file; this method will not return the local revi-
              sion number.

       get-revision
              If set to true, vcs_info goes the extra mile to figure  out  the
              revision  of a repository's work tree (currently for the git and
              hg backends, where this kind of information is  not  always  vi-
              tal).  For git, the hash value of the currently checked out com-
              mit is available via the %i expansion. With hg, the local  revi-
              sion  number and the corresponding global hash are available via
              %i.

       get-mq If set to true, the hg backend will look for a  Mercurial  Queue
              (mq) patch directory. Information will be available via the `%m'
              replacement.

       get-bookmarks
              If set to true, the hg backend will try to get a list of current
              bookmarks. They will be available via the `%m' replacement.

              The  default  is to generate a comma-separated list of all book-
              mark names that refer to the currently checked out revision.  If
              a  bookmark  is  active,  its  name  is suffixed an asterisk and
              placed first in the list.

       use-prompt-escapes
              Determines if we assume that the assembled string from  vcs_info
              includes prompt escapes. (Used by vcs_info_lastmsg.)

       debug  Enable  debugging  output  to track possible problems. Currently
              this style is only used by vcs_info's hooks system.

       hooks  A list style that defines  hook-function  names.  See  Hooks  in
              vcs_info below for details.

       patch-format
       nopatch-format
              This  pair of styles format the patch information used by the %m
              expando in formats and actionformats for the git  and  hg  back-
              ends.   The  value  is subject to certain %-expansions described
              below.  The expanded value is made available in the global back-
              end_misc   array   as   ${backend_misc[patches]}   (also   if  a
              set-patch-format hook is used).

       get-unapplied
              This boolean style controls whether a backend should attempt  to
              gather  a  list of unapplied patches (for example with Mercurial
              Queue patches).

              Used by the quilt and hg backends.

       The default values for these styles in all contexts are:

       formats
              " (%s)-[%b]%u%c-"
       actionformats
              " (%s)-[%b|%a]%u%c-"
       branchformat
              "%b:%r" (for bzr, svn, svk and hg)
       nvcsformats
              ""
       hgrevformat
              "%r:%h"
       max-exports
              2
       enable ALL
       disable
              (empty list)
       disable-patterns
              (empty list)
       check-for-changes
              false
       check-for-staged-changes
              false
       stagedstr
              (string: "S")
       unstagedstr
              (string: "U")
       command
              (empty string)
       use-server
              false
       use-simple
              false
       get-revision
              false
       get-mq true
       get-bookmarks
              false
       use-prompt-escapes
              true
       debug  false
       hooks  (empty list)
       use-quilt
              false
       quilt-standalone
              false
       quilt-patch-dir
              empty - use $QUILT_PATCHES
       quiltcommand
              quilt
       patch-format
              backend dependent
       nopatch-format
              backend dependent
       get-unapplied
              false

       In normal formats and  actionformats  the  following  replacements  are
       done:

       %s     The VCS in use (git, hg, svn, etc.).
       %b     Information about the current branch.
       %a     An identifier that describes the action. Only makes sense in ac-
              tionformats.
       %i     The current revision number or identifier. For hg the  hgrevfor-
              mat style may be used to customize the output.
       %c     The  string from the stagedstr style if there are staged changes
              in the repository.
       %u     The string from the unstagedstr  style  if  there  are  unstaged
              changes in the repository.
       %R     The base directory of the repository.
       %r     The repository name. If %R is /foo/bar/repoXY, %r is repoXY.
       %S     A  subdirectory  within  a  repository.  If $PWD is /foo/bar/re-
              poXY/beer/tasty, %S is beer/tasty.
       %m     A "misc" replacement. It is at the discretion of the backend  to
              decide what this replacement expands to.

              The hg and git backends use this expando to display patch infor-
              mation.  hg sources patch information from  the  mq  extensions;
              git  from in-progress rebase and cherry-pick operations and from
              the stgit extension.  The patch-format and nopatch-format styles
              control  the generated string.  The former is used when at least
              one patch from the patch queue has been applied, and the  latter
              otherwise.

              The hg backend displays bookmark information in this expando (in
              addition to mq information).  See the get-mq  and  get-bookmarks
              styles.   Both  of these styles may be enabled at the same time.
              If both are enabled, both resulting strings will be shown  sepa-
              rated by a semicolon (that cannot currently be customized).

              The  quilt  `standalone'  backend  sets this expando to the same
              value as the %Q expando.

       %Q     Quilt series information.  When quilt is used (either in `addon'
              mode or as a `standalone' backend), this expando is set to quilt
              series' patch-format  string.   The  set-patch-format  hook  and
              nopatch-format style are honoured.

              See Quilt Support below for details.

       In branchformat these replacements are done:

       %b     The branch name.
       %r     The current revision number or the hgrevformat style for hg.

       In hgrevformat these replacements are done:

       %r     The current local revision number.
       %h     The current global revision identifier.

       In patch-format and nopatch-format these replacements are done:

       %p     The name of the top-most applied patch; may be overridden by the
              applied-string hook.
       %u     The number of unapplied patches; may be overridden by the  unap-
              plied-string hook.
       %n     The number of applied patches.
       %c     The number of unapplied patches.
       %a     The number of all patches (%a = %n + %c).
       %g     The names of active mq guards (hg backend).
       %G     The number of active mq guards (hg backend).

       Not  all VCS backends have to support all replacements. For nvcsformats
       no replacements are performed at all, it is just a string.

   Oddities
       If you want to use the %b (bold off) prompt expansion in formats, which
       expands  %b  itself, use %%b. That will cause the vcs_info expansion to
       replace %%b with %b, so that zsh's prompt expansion mechanism can  han-
       dle  it. Similarly, to hand down %b from branchformat, use %%%%b. Sorry
       for this inconvenience, but it cannot be easily avoided. Luckily we  do
       not  clash  with  a  lot of prompt expansions and this only needs to be
       done for those.

       When  one  of   the   gen-applied-string,   gen-unapplied-string,   and
       set-patch-format     hooks     is    defined,    applying    %-escaping
       (`foo=${foo//'%'/%%}') to the interpolated values for use in the prompt
       is  the  responsibility of those hooks (jointly); when neither of those
       hooks is defined, vcs_info handles escaping by itself.  We regret  this
       coupling, but it was required for backwards compatibility.

   Quilt Support
       Quilt  is  not  a  version control system, therefore this is not imple-
       mented as a backend. It can help keeping track of a series of  patches.
       People use it to keep a set of changes they want to use on top of soft-
       ware packages (which is  tightly  integrated  into  the  package  build
       process - the Debian project does this for a large number of packages).
       Quilt can also help individual  developers  keep  track  of  their  own
       patches on top of real version control systems.

       The  vcs_info  integration tries to support both ways of using quilt by
       having two slightly different modes  of  operation:  `addon'  mode  and
       `standalone' mode).

       Quilt  integration  is  off by default; to enable it, set the use-quilt
       style, and add %Q to your formats or actionformats style:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' use-quilt true

       Styles   looked   up   from   the   Quilt    support    code    include
       `.quilt-quilt-mode'  in  the  vcs-string  part  of  the  context, where
       quilt-mode    is    either    addon    or     standalone.      Example:
       :vcs_info:git.quilt-addon:default:repo-root-name.

       For `addon' mode to become active vcs_info must have already detected a
       real version control system controlling the directory. If that  is  the
       case,  a  directory  that holds quilt's patches needs to be found. That
       directory is configurable via the `QUILT_PATCHES' environment variable.
       If  that  variable  exists  its  value  is  used,  otherwise  the value
       `patches' is assumed. The value from $QUILT_PATCHES can be  overwritten
       using  the  `quilt-patches'  style. (Note: you can use vcs_info to keep
       the value of $QUILT_PATCHES correct all the  time  via  the  post-quilt
       hook).

       When the directory in question is found, quilt is assumed to be active.
       To gather more information,  vcs_info  looks  for  a  directory  called
       `.pc';  Quilt  uses  that directory to track its current state. If this
       directory does not exist we know that quilt has not  done  anything  to
       the working directory (read: no patches have been applied yet).

       If  patches  are  applied,  vcs_info will try to find out which. If you
       want to know which patches of a series are not yet applied, you need to
       activate the get-unapplied style in the appropriate context.

       vcs_info  allows for very detailed control over how the gathered infor-
       mation is presented (see the Configuration and Hooks in  vcs_info  sec-
       tions),  all  of which are documented below. Note there are a number of
       other patch tracking systems that work on top of a certain version con-
       trol  system  (like stgit for git, or mq for hg); the configuration for
       systems like that are generally configured the same way  as  the  quilt
       support.

       If the quilt support is working in `addon' mode, the produced string is
       available as a simple format replacement (%Q to be precise), which  can
       be used in formats and actionformats; see below for details).

       If,  on  the  other  hand,  the support code is working in `standalone'
       mode, vcs_info will pretend as if quilt were an actual version  control
       system.  That  means  that the version control system identifier (which
       otherwise would be something like  `svn'  or  `cvs')  will  be  set  to
       `-quilt-'.  This  has implications on the used style context where this
       identifier is the second element. vcs_info will have filled in a proper
       value  for  the "repository's" root directory and the string containing
       the information about quilt's state will be available as the `misc' re-
       placement (and %Q for compatibility with `addon' mode).

       What  is  left to discuss is how `standalone' mode is detected. The de-
       tection itself is a series of searches for directories.  You  can  have
       this detection enabled all the time in every directory that is not oth-
       erwise under version control. If you know there is only a  limited  set
       of  trees  where  you  would like vcs_info to try and look for Quilt in
       `standalone' mode to minimise the amount of searching on every call  to
       vcs_info, there are a number of ways to do that:

       Essentially,  `standalone'  mode  detection  is  controlled  by a style
       called `quilt-standalone'. It is a string style and its value can  have
       different  effects.  The simplest values are: `always' to run detection
       every time vcs_info is run, and `never' to turn the detection  off  en-
       tirely.

       If  the  value of quilt-standalone is something else, it is interpreted
       differently. If the value is the name of a scalar variable the value of
       that  variable  is  checked  and  that  value  is used in the same `al-
       ways'/`never' way as described above.

       If the value of quilt-standalone is an array, the elements of that  ar-
       ray  are  used as directory names under which you want the detection to
       be active.

       If quilt-standalone is an associative array, the keys are taken as  di-
       rectory names under which you want the detection to be active, but only
       if the corresponding value is the string `true'.

       Last, but not least, if the value of quilt-standalone is the name of  a
       function, the function is called without arguments and the return value
       decides whether detection should be active. A `0' return value is true;
       a non-zero return value is interpreted as false.

       Note,  if  there  is  both  a  function  and  a variable by the name of
       quilt-standalone, the function will take precedence.

   Function Descriptions (Public API)
       vcs_info [user-context]
              The main function, that runs all backends and assembles all data
              into  ${vcs_info_msg_*_}.  This is the function you want to call
              from precmd if you want to  include  up-to-date  information  in
              your prompt (see Variable Description below).  If an argument is
              given, that string will  be  used  instead  of  default  in  the
              user-context field of the style context.

       vcs_info_hookadd
              Statically  registers a number of functions to a given hook. The
              hook needs to be given as the first argument; what follows is  a
              list  of hook-function names to register to the hook. The `+vi-'
              prefix needs to be left out here. See Hooks  in  vcs_info  below
              for details.

       vcs_info_hookdel
              Remove  hook-functions  from  a given hook. The hook needs to be
              given as the first non-option argument; what follows is  a  list
              of  hook-function names to un-register from the hook. If `-a' is
              used as the first argument, all occurrences of the functions are
              unregistered.  Otherwise only the last occurrence is removed (if
              a function was registered to a hook more than once). The  `+vi-'
              prefix  needs  to be left out here.  See Hooks in vcs_info below
              for details.

       vcs_info_lastmsg
              Outputs the last ${vcs_info_msg_*_} value.  Takes  into  account
              the  value  of  the  use-prompt-escapes style in ':vcs_info:for-
              mats:command:-all-'. It also only prints max-exports values.

       vcs_info_printsys [user-context]
              Prints a list of all supported version control  systems.  Useful
              to find out possible contexts (and which of them are enabled) or
              values for the disable style.

       vcs_info_setsys
              Initializes vcs_info's internal list of available backends. With
              this function, you can add support for new VCSs without restart-
              ing the shell.

       All functions named VCS_INFO_* are for internal use only.

   Variable Description
       ${vcs_info_msg_N_} (Note the trailing underscore)
              Where N is an integer, e.g.,  vcs_info_msg_0_.  These  variables
              are  the storage for the informational message the last vcs_info
              call has assembled. These are strongly connected to the formats,
              actionformats  and  nvcsformats  styles  described  above. Those
              styles are lists. The first member of that  list  gets  expanded
              into  ${vcs_info_msg_0_}, the second into ${vcs_info_msg_1_} and
              the Nth into ${vcs_info_msg_N-1_}. (See  the  max-exports  style
              above.)

       All variables named VCS_INFO_* are for internal use only.

   Hooks in vcs_info
       Hooks are places in vcs_info where you can run your own code. That code
       can communicate with the code that called it and through  that,  change
       the system's behaviour.

       For configuration, hooks change the style context:
              :vcs_info:vcs-string+hook-name:user-context:repo-root-name

       To  register  functions  to  a hook, you need to list them in the hooks
       style in the appropriate context.

       Example:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*+foo:*' hooks bar baz

       This registers functions to the hook `foo' for all backends.  In  order
       to   avoid  namespace  problems,  all  registered  function  names  are
       prepended by a `+vi-', so the actual functions  called  for  the  `foo'
       hook are `+vi-bar' and `+vi-baz'.

       If  you  would  like to register a function to a hook regardless of the
       current context, you may use the vcs_info_hookadd function. To remove a
       function that was added like that, the vcs_info_hookdel function can be
       used.

       If something seems weird, you can enable the `debug' boolean  style  in
       the  proper  context and the hook-calling code will print what it tried
       to execute and whether the function in question existed.

       When you register more than one function to a hook, all  functions  are
       executed one after another until one function returns non-zero or until
       all functions have been called. Context-sensitive  hook  functions  are
       executed   before   statically  registered  ones  (the  ones  added  by
       vcs_info_hookadd).

       You  may  pass  data  between  functions  via  an  associative   array,
       user_data.  For example:
              +vi-git-myfirsthook(){
                  user_data[myval]=$myval
              }
              +vi-git-mysecondhook(){
                  # do something with ${user_data[myval]}
              }

       There are a number of variables that are special in hook contexts:

       ret    The  return  value  that  the  hooks  system  will return to the
              caller. The default is an integer `zero'. If and how  a  changed
              ret  value  changes  the  execution of the caller depends on the
              specific hook. See the hook documentation below for details.

       hook_com
              An associated array which is used for  bidirectional  communica-
              tion  from the caller to hook functions. The used keys depend on
              the specific hook.

       context
              The active context of the hook. Functions that  wish  to  change
              this variable should make it local scope first.

       vcs    The current VCS after it was detected. The same values as in the
              enable/disable style are used. Available  in  all  hooks  except
              start-up.

       Finally, the full list of currently available hooks:

       start-up
              Called after starting vcs_info but before the VCS in this direc-
              tory is determined. It can be used to deactivate vcs_info tempo-
              rarily  if  necessary. When ret is set to 1, vcs_info aborts and
              does nothing; when set to 2, vcs_info sets up everything  as  if
              no version control were active and exits.

       pre-get-data
              Same as start-up but after the VCS was detected.

       gen-hg-bookmark-string
              Called in the Mercurial backend when a bookmark string is gener-
              ated; the get-revision and get-bookmarks styles must be true.

              This hook  gets  the  names  of  the  Mercurial  bookmarks  that
              vcs_info collected from `hg'.

              If a bookmark is active, the key ${hook_com[hg-active-bookmark]}
              is set to its name.  The key is otherwise unset.

              When setting ret to non-zero, the string in  ${hook_com[hg-book-
              mark-string]}  will  be used in the %m escape in formats and ac-
              tionformats and will be available in the global backend_misc ar-
              ray as ${backend_misc[bookmarks]}.

       gen-applied-string
              Called in the git (with stgit or during rebase or merge), and hg
              (with mq) backends and in quilt support when the  applied-string
              is  generated;  the use-quilt zstyle must be true for quilt (the
              mq and stgit backends are active by default).

              This hook gets the names of all applied patches  which  vcs_info
              collected  so  far  in  the opposite order, which means that the
              first argument is the top-most patch and so forth.

              When setting ret  to  non-zero,  the  string  in  ${hook_com[ap-
              plied-string]}  will  be available as %p in the patch-format and
              nopatch-format  styles.   This  hook   is,   in   concert   with
              set-patch-format,  responsible for %-escaping that value for use
              in the prompt.  (See the Oddities section.)

       gen-unapplied-string
              Called in the git (with stgit or during rebase),  and  hg  (with
              mq)  backend  and  in quilt support when the unapplied-string is
              generated; the get-unapplied style must be true.

              This hook gets the names of all unapplied patches which vcs_info
              collected  so  far in order, which means that the first argument
              is the patch next-in-line to be applied and so forth.

              When setting ret to non-zero,  the  string  in  ${hook_com[unap-
              plied-string]}  will  be available as %u in the patch-format and
              nopatch-format  styles.   This  hook   is,   in   concert   with
              set-patch-format,  responsible for %-escaping that value for use
              in the prompt.  (See the Oddities section.)

       gen-mqguards-string
              Called in the hg backend when guards-string  is  generated;  the
              get-mq style must be true (default).

              This hook gets the names of any active mq guards.

              When    setting    ret    to    non-zero,    the    string    in
              ${hook_com[guards-string]} will be used in the %g escape in  the
              patch-format and nopatch-format styles.

       no-vcs This  hooks  is  called  when  no version control system was de-
              tected.

              The `hook_com' parameter is not used.

       post-backend
              Called as soon as the backend has finished  collecting  informa-
              tion.

              The `hook_com' keys available are as for the set-message hook.

       post-quilt
              Called  after  the quilt support is done. The following informa-
              tion is passed as arguments to the hook:  1.  the  quilt-support
              mode  (`addon'  or `standalone'); 2. the directory that contains
              the patch series; 3. the directory that holds quilt's status in-
              formation  (the  `.pc' directory) or the string "-nopc-" if that
              directory wasn't found.

              The `hook_com' parameter is not used.

       set-branch-format
              Called before `branchformat' is set. The only  argument  to  the
              hook is the format that is configured at this point.

              The  `hook_com'  keys  considered  are  `branch' and `revision'.
              They are set to the values figured out so far  by  vcs_info  and
              any  change will be used directly when the actual replacement is
              done.

              If ret is set to non-zero, the string  in  ${hook_com[branch-re-
              place]}  will  be  used unchanged as the `%b' replacement in the
              variables set by vcs_info.

       set-hgrev-format
              Called before a `hgrevformat' is set. The only argument  to  the
              hook is the format that is configured at this point.

              The  `hook_com' keys considered are `hash' and `localrev'.  They
              are set to the values figured out so far  by  vcs_info  and  any
              change  will  be  used  directly  when the actual replacement is
              done.

              If ret is set to  non-zero,  the  string  in  ${hook_com[rev-re-
              place]}  will  be  used unchanged as the `%i' replacement in the
              variables set by vcs_info.

       pre-addon-quilt
              This hook is used when vcs_info's quilt functionality is  active
              in  "addon"  mode  (quilt  used on top of a real version control
              system). It is activated right before any quilt specific  action
              is taken.

              Setting  the  `ret'  variable  in  this hook to a non-zero value
              avoids any quilt specific actions from being run at all.

       set-patch-format
              This hook is used to control some of the possible expansions  in
              patch-format  and nopatch-format styles with patch queue systems
              such as quilt, mqueue and the like.

              This hook is used in the git, hg and quilt backends.

              The hook allows the control of the %p (${hook_com[applied]}) and
              %u  (${hook_com[unapplied]})  expansion in all backends that use
              the   hook.    With    the    mercurial    backend,    the    %g
              (${hook_com[guards]})  expansion  is controllable in addition to
              that.

              If ret is set to non-zero, the  string  in  ${hook_com[patch-re-
              place]}  will  be  used  unchanged instead of an expanded format
              from patch-format or nopatch-format.

              This hook is, in concert with the gen-applied-string or  gen-un-
              applied-string  hooks if they are defined, responsible for %-es-
              caping the final patch-format value for use in the prompt.  (See
              the Oddities section.)

       set-message
              Called  each time before a `vcs_info_msg_N_' message is set.  It
              takes two arguments; the first being  the  `N'  in  the  message
              variable name, the second is the currently configured formats or
              actionformats.

              There are a number of `hook_com' keys, that are used here:  `ac-
              tion',  `branch',  `base', `base-name', `subdir', `staged', `un-
              staged', `revision', `misc', `vcs' and  one  `miscN'  entry  for
              each  backend-specific data field (N starting at zero). They are
              set to the values figured out so far by vcs_info and any  change
              will be used directly when the actual replacement is done.

              Since  this hook is triggered multiple times (once for each con-
              figured formats or actionformats), each of the  `hook_com'  keys
              mentioned  above  (except  for the miscN entries) has an `_orig'
              counterpart, so even if you changed a value to your  liking  you
              can  still  get the original value in the next run. Changing the
              `_orig' values is probably not a good idea.

              If ret is set to non-zero, the  string  in  ${hook_com[message]}
              will be used unchanged as the message by vcs_info.

       If  all  of  this  sounds rather confusing, take a look at the Examples
       section below and also in the Misc/vcs_info-examples file  in  the  Zsh
       source.  They contain some explanatory code.

   Examples
       Don't use vcs_info at all (even though it's in your prompt):
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable NONE

       Disable the backends for bzr and svk:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' disable bzr svk

       Disable everything but bzr and svk:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable bzr svk

       Provide a special formats for git:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*' formats       ' GIT, BABY! [%b]'
              zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*' actionformats ' GIT ACTION! [%b|%a]'

       All  %x  expansion  in  all  sorts  of formats (formats, actionformats,
       branchformat, you name it) are done using the  `zformat'  builtin  from
       the  `zsh/zutil' module. That means you can do everything with these %x
       items what zformat supports. In particular, if you want something  that
       is  really  long  to  have  a  fixed  width, like a hash in a mercurial
       branchformat, you can do this: %12.12i. That'll shrink the 40 character
       hash  to  its  12 leading characters. The form is actually `%min.maxx'.
       More is possible.  See the section `The zsh/zutil  Module'  in  zshmod-
       ules(1) for details.

       Use the quicker bzr backend
              zstyle ':vcs_info:bzr:*' use-simple true

       If    you    do    use   use-simple,   please   report   if   it   does
       `the-right-thing[tm]'.

       Display the revision number in yellow for bzr and svn:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:(svn|bzr):*' \
                     branchformat '%b%{'${fg[yellow]}'%}:%r'

       If you want colors, make sure you enclose the color codes in %{...%} if
       you want to use the string provided by vcs_info in prompts.

       Here  is  how  to  print  the  VCS  information  as a command (not in a
       prompt):
              alias vcsi='vcs_info command; vcs_info_lastmsg'

       This way,  you  can  even  define  different  formats  for  output  via
       vcs_info_lastmsg in the ':vcs_info:*:command:*' namespace.

       Now  as promised, some code that uses hooks: say, you'd like to replace
       the string `svn' by `subversion' in vcs_info's %s formats replacement.

       First, we will tell vcs_info to call a  function  when  populating  the
       message variables with the gathered information:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*+set-message:*' hooks svn2subversion

       Nothing happens. Which is reasonable, since we didn't define the actual
       function yet. To see what the hooks subsystem is trying to  do,  enable
       the `debug' style:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*+*:*' debug true

       That  should give you an idea what is going on. Specifically, the func-
       tion that we are looking for is `+vi-svn2subversion'. Note, the  `+vi-'
       prefix.  So,  everything  is in order, just as documented. When you are
       done checking out the debugging output, disable it again:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:*+*:*' debug false

       Now, let's define the function:
              function +vi-svn2subversion() {
                  [[ ${hook_com[vcs_orig]} == svn ]] && hook_com[vcs]=subversion
              }

       Simple enough. And it could have even been simpler, if only we had reg-
       istered our function in a less generic context. If we do it only in the
       `svn' backend's context, we don't need to test which the active backend
       is:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:svn+set-message:*' hooks svn2subversion
              function +vi-svn2subversion() {
                  hook_com[vcs]=subversion
              }

       And finally a little more elaborate example, that uses a hook to create
       a customised bookmark string for the hg backend.

       Again, we start off by registering a function:
              zstyle ':vcs_info:hg+gen-hg-bookmark-string:*' hooks hgbookmarks

       And then we define the `+vi-hgbookmarks' function:
              function +vi-hgbookmarks() {
                  # The default is to connect all bookmark names by
                  # commas. This mixes things up a little.
                  # Imagine, there's one type of bookmarks that is
                  # special to you. Say, because it's *your* work.
                  # Those bookmarks look always like this: "sh/*"
                  # (because your initials are sh, for example).
                  # This makes the bookmarks string use only those
                  # bookmarks. If there's more than one, it
                  # concatenates them using commas.
                  # The bookmarks returned by `hg' are available in
                  # the function's positional parameters.
                  local s="${(Mj:,:)@:#sh/*}"
                  # Now, the communication with the code that calls
                  # the hook functions is done via the hook_com[]
                  # hash. The key at which the `gen-hg-bookmark-string'
                  # hook looks is `hg-bookmark-string'. So:
                  hook_com[hg-bookmark-string]=$s
                  # And to signal that we want to use the string we
                  # just generated, set the special variable `ret' to
                  # something other than the default zero:
                  ret=1
                  return 0
              }

       Some longer examples and code snippets which might be useful are avail-
       able  in the examples file located at Misc/vcs_info-examples in the Zsh
       source directory.

       This concludes our guided tour through zsh's vcs_info.

PROMPT THEMES
   Installation
       You should make sure all the functions from the  Functions/Prompts  di-
       rectory  of  the source distribution are available; they all begin with
       the string `prompt_' except for the special function`promptinit'.   You
       also   need  the  `colors'  and  `add-zsh-hook'  functions  from  Func-
       tions/Misc.  All these functions may already be installed on your  sys-
       tem;  if  not, you will need to find them and copy them.  The directory
       should appear as one of the elements of the fpath  array  (this  should
       already  be the case if they were installed), and at least the function
       promptinit should be autoloaded; it will autoload the  rest.   Finally,
       to  initialize  the  use  of the system you need to call the promptinit
       function.  The following code in your .zshrc will arrange for this; as-
       sume the functions are stored in the directory ~/myfns:

              fpath=(~/myfns $fpath)
              autoload -U promptinit
              promptinit

   Theme Selection
       Use  the  prompt  command to select your preferred theme.  This command
       may be added to your .zshrc following the call to promptinit  in  order
       to start zsh with a theme already selected.

       prompt [ -c | -l ]
       prompt [ -p | -h ] [ theme ... ]
       prompt [ -s ] theme [ arg ... ]
              Set  or  examine  the prompt theme.  With no options and a theme
              argument, the theme with that name is set as the current  theme.
              The  available themes are determined at run time; use the -l op-
              tion to see a list.  The special theme `random' selects at  ran-
              dom one of the available themes and sets your prompt to that.

              In  some  cases  the  theme may be modified by one or more argu-
              ments, which should be given after the theme name.  See the help
              for each theme for descriptions of these arguments.

              Options are:

              -c     Show  the currently selected theme and its parameters, if
                     any.
              -l     List all available prompt themes.
              -p     Preview the theme named by theme, or  all  themes  if  no
                     theme is given.
              -h     Show help for the theme named by theme, or for the prompt
                     function if no theme is given.
              -s     Set theme as the current theme and save state.

       prompt_theme_setup
              Each available theme has a setup function which is called by the
              prompt function to install that theme.  This function may define
              other functions as necessary to maintain the  prompt,  including
              functions  used  to  preview  the prompt or provide help for its
              use.  You should not normally call a theme's setup function  di-
              rectly.

   Utility Themes
       prompt off
              The  theme `off' sets all the prompt variables to minimal values
              with no special effects.

       prompt default
              The theme `default' sets all prompt variables to the same  state
              as  if  an  interactive  zsh  was started with no initialization
              files.

       prompt restore
              The special theme `restore' erases all theme settings  and  sets
              prompt  variables  to  their  state  before  the  first time the
              `prompt' function was run, provided each theme has properly  de-
              fined its cleanup (see below).

              Note  that  you  can undo `prompt off' and `prompt default' with
              `prompt restore', but a second restore does not undo the first.

   Writing Themes
       The first step for adding your own theme is to choose a  name  for  it,
       and  create  a  file  `prompt_name_setup' in a directory in your fpath,
       such as ~/myfns in the example above.  The file should at minimum  con-
       tain  assignments  for  the  prompt variables that your theme wishes to
       modify.  By convention, themes use PS1, PS2, RPS1,  etc.,  rather  than
       the longer PROMPT and RPROMPT.

       The  file  is autoloaded as a function in the current shell context, so
       it may contain any necessary commands to customize your theme,  includ-
       ing  defining additional functions.  To make some complex tasks easier,
       your setup function may also do any of the following:

       Assign prompt_opts
              The array prompt_opts may be assigned any of "bang", "cr", "per-
              cent",  "sp",  and/or  "subst" as values.  The corresponding se-
              topts (promptbang, etc.) are turned on, all other prompt-related
              options are turned off.  The prompt_opts array preserves setopts
              even beyond the scope of localoptions, should your function need
              that.

       Modify precmd and preexec
              Use  of  add-zsh-hook  is  recommended.   The precmd and preexec
              hooks are automatically adjusted if the prompt theme changes  or
              is disabled.

       Declare cleanup
              If  your  function makes any other changes that should be undone
              when the theme is disabled, your setup function may call
              prompt_cleanup command
       where command should be suitably quoted.  If your theme  is  ever  dis-
       abled  or  replaced by another, command is executed with eval.  You may
       declare more than one such cleanup hook.

       Define preview
              Define or autoload a function prompt_name_preview to  display  a
              simulated version of your prompt.  A simple default previewer is
              defined by promptinit for themes that do not define  their  own.
              This preview function is called by `prompt -p'.

       Provide help
              Define  or autoload a function prompt_name_help to display docu-
              mentation or help text for your theme.  This  help  function  is
              called by `prompt -h'.

ZLE FUNCTIONS
   Widgets
       These  functions all implement user-defined ZLE widgets (see zshzle(1))
       which can be bound to keystrokes in interactive shells.  To  use  them,
       your .zshrc should contain lines of the form

              autoload function
              zle -N function

       followed  by  an  appropriate bindkey command to associate the function
       with a key sequence.  Suggested bindings are described below.

       bash-style word functions
              If you are looking for functions to implement  moving  over  and
              editing  words  in  the  manner of bash, where only alphanumeric
              characters are considered word characters, you can use the func-
              tions  described  in  the next section.  The following is suffi-
              cient:

                     autoload -U select-word-style
                     select-word-style bash

       forward-word-match, backward-word-match
       kill-word-match, backward-kill-word-match
       transpose-words-match, capitalize-word-match
       up-case-word-match, down-case-word-match
       delete-whole-word-match, select-word-match
       select-word-style, match-word-context, match-words-by-style
              The first eight `-match' functions are drop-in replacements  for
              the  builtin widgets without the suffix.  By default they behave
              in a similar way.  However, by the use of styles and  the  func-
              tion  select-word-style,  the  way  words are matched can be al-
              tered. select-word-match is intended to be used as a text object
              in vi mode but with custom word styles. For comparison, the wid-
              gets described in zshzle(1) under Text Objects use fixed defini-
              tions of words, compatible with the vim editor.

              The  simplest  way  of  configuring  the functions is to use se-
              lect-word-style, which can either be called as a normal function
              with the appropriate argument, or invoked as a user-defined wid-
              get that will prompt for the first character of the  word  style
              to  be  used.   The  first  time  it is invoked, the first eight
              -match functions will automatically  replace  the  builtin  ver-
              sions, so they do not need to be loaded explicitly.

              The  word styles available are as follows.  Only the first char-
              acter is examined.

              bash   Word characters are alphanumeric characters only.

              normal As in normal shell operation:  word  characters  are  al-
                     phanumeric  characters plus any characters present in the
                     string given by the parameter $WORDCHARS.

              shell  Words are complete shell command arguments, possibly  in-
                     cluding complete quoted strings, or any tokens special to
                     the shell.

              whitespace
                     Words are any set of characters delimited by whitespace.

              default
                     Restore the default settings; this is usually the same as
                     `normal'.

              All but `default' can be input as an upper case character, which
              has the same effect but with subword  matching  turned  on.   In
              this  case,  words  with  upper case characters are treated spe-
              cially: each separate run of upper case characters, or an  upper
              case  character  followed  by any number of other characters, is
              considered a word.  The style subword-range can supply an alter-
              native  character range to the default `[:upper:]'; the value of
              the style is treated as the contents of a `[...]' pattern  (note
              that  the outer brackets should not be supplied, only those sur-
              rounding named ranges).

              More control can be obtained using the zstyle  command,  as  de-
              scribed  in  zshmodules(1).  Each style is looked up in the con-
              text :zle:widget where widget is the name  of  the  user-defined
              widget,  not the name of the function implementing it, so in the
              case of the definitions supplied by select-word-style the appro-
              priate  contexts are :zle:forward-word, and so on.  The function
              select-word-style itself always defines styles for  the  context
              `:zle:*'  which can be overridden by more specific (longer) pat-
              terns as well as explicit contexts.

              The style word-style specifies the rules to use.  This may  have
              the following values.

              normal Use  the  standard  shell  rules,  i.e. alphanumerics and
                     $WORDCHARS, unless overridden by the styles word-chars or
                     word-class.

              specified
                     Similar to normal, but only the specified characters, and
                     not also alphanumerics, are considered word characters.

              unspecified
                     The negation of  specified.   The  given  characters  are
                     those which will not be considered part of a word.

              shell  Words  are obtained by using the syntactic rules for gen-
                     erating shell command arguments.   In  addition,  special
                     tokens which are never command arguments such as `()' are
                     also treated as words.

              whitespace
                     Words are whitespace-delimited strings of characters.

              The first three of those rules usually use $WORDCHARS,  but  the
              value   in   the  parameter  can  be  overridden  by  the  style
              word-chars, which works in exactly the same way  as  $WORDCHARS.
              In addition, the style word-class uses character class syntax to
              group characters and takes precedence over  word-chars  if  both
              are  set.  The word-class style does not include the surrounding
              brackets of the character class; for example, `-:[:alnum:]' is a
              valid  word-class  to include all alphanumerics plus the charac-
              ters `-' and `:'.  Be careful including  `]',  `^'  and  `-'  as
              these are special inside character classes.

              word-style  may  also  have  `-subword' appended to its value to
              turn on subword matching, as described above.

              The style skip-chars is mostly useful  for  transpose-words  and
              similar  functions.   If  set,  it  gives  a count of characters
              starting at the cursor position which  will  not  be  considered
              part  of  the  word and are treated as space, regardless of what
              they actually are.  For example, if

                     zstyle ':zle:transpose-words' skip-chars 1

              has been set, and transpose-words-match is called with the  cur-
              sor  on the X of fooXbar, where X can be any character, then the
              resulting expression is barXfoo.

              Finer grained control can  be  obtained  by  setting  the  style
              word-context  to an array of pairs of entries.  Each pair of en-
              tries consists of a pattern and a subcontext.  The  shell  argu-
              ment  the  cursor  is on is matched against each pattern in turn
              until one matches; if it does, the  context  is  extended  by  a
              colon  and  the corresponding subcontext.  Note that the test is
              made against the original word on the line, with no stripping of
              quotes.   Special  handling  is  done between words: the current
              context is examined and if it contains the  string  between  the
              word is set to a single space; else if it is contains the string
              back, the word before the cursor is considered,  else  the  word
              after cursor is considered. Some examples are given below.

              The  style  skip-whitespace-first  is  only  used  with the for-
              ward-word widget.  If it is set to true, then forward-word skips
              any  non-word-characters,  followed  by any non-word-characters:
              this is similar to the behaviour of other  word-orientated  wid-
              gets,  and  also  that used by other editors, however it differs
              from the standard zsh behaviour.  When  using  select-word-style
              the  widget  is  set  in  the context :zle:* to true if the word
              style is bash and false otherwise.  It may be overridden by set-
              ting it in the more specific context :zle:forward-word*.

              It  is  possible  to  create  widgets with specific behaviour by
              defining a new widget implemented  by  the  appropriate  generic
              function,  then  setting a style for the context of the specific
              widget.  For example,  the  following  defines  a  widget  back-
              ward-kill-space-word using backward-kill-word-match, the generic
              widget implementing backward-kill-word  behaviour,  and  ensures
              that the new widget always implements space-delimited behaviour.

                     zle -N backward-kill-space-word backward-kill-word-match
                     zstyle :zle:backward-kill-space-word word-style space

              The widget backward-kill-space-word can now be bound to a key.

              Here  are  some  further examples of use of the styles, actually
              taken from the simplified interface in select-word-style:

                     zstyle ':zle:*' word-style standard
                     zstyle ':zle:*' word-chars ''

              Implements bash-style word handling for all widgets,  i.e.  only
              alphanumerics are word characters; equivalent to setting the pa-
              rameter WORDCHARS empty for the given context.

                     style ':zle:*kill*' word-style space

              Uses space-delimited words for widgets with the word  `kill'  in
              the  name.   Neither  of the styles word-chars nor word-class is
              used in this case.

              Here are some examples of use of the word-context style  to  ex-
              tend the context.

                     zstyle ':zle:*' word-context \
                            "*/*" filename "[[:space:]]" whitespace
                     zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:whitespace' word-style shell
                     zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:filename' word-style normal
                     zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:filename' word-chars ''

              This  provides  two  different ways of using transpose-words de-
              pending on whether the cursor is on whitespace between words  or
              on  a  filename,  here  any word containing a /.  On whitespace,
              complete arguments as defined by standard shell  rules  will  be
              transposed.   In  a  filename, only alphanumerics will be trans-
              posed.  Elsewhere, words will be transposed  using  the  default
              style for :zle:transpose-words.

              The word matching and all the handling of zstyle settings is ac-
              tually implemented by the function  match-words-by-style.   This
              can  be  used  to  create new user-defined widgets.  The calling
              function should set the local parameter curcontext to  :zle:wid-
              get,   create   the   local  parameter  matched_words  and  call
              match-words-by-style   with   no    arguments.     On    return,
              matched_words will be set to an array with the elements: (1) the
              start of the line  (2)  the  word  before  the  cursor  (3)  any
              non-word  characters  between  that  word and the cursor (4) any
              non-word character at the cursor  position  plus  any  remaining
              non-word  characters before the next word, including all charac-
              ters specified by the skip-chars style, (5) the word at or  fol-
              lowing  the  cursor  (6)  any non-word characters following that
              word (7) the remainder of the line.  Any of the elements may  be
              an  empty  string;  the calling function should test for this to
              decide whether it can perform its function.

              If the variable  matched_words  is  defined  by  the  caller  to
              match-words-by-style   as   an   associative   array  (local  -A
              matched_words), then the seven values given above should be  re-
              trieved  from  it  as  elements named start, word-before-cursor,
              ws-before-cursor,  ws-after-cursor,  word-after-cursor,   ws-af-
              ter-word,  and  end.  In addition the element is-word-start is 1
              if the cursor is on the start of a word or subword, or on  white
              space  before  it (the cases can be distinguished by testing the
              ws-after-cursor element) and 0 otherwise.  This form  is  recom-
              mended for future compatibility.

              It   is   possible   to   pass   options   with   arguments   to
              match-words-by-style to override the use of styles.  The options
              are:
              -w     word-style
              -s     skip-chars
              -c     word-class
              -C     word-chars
              -r     subword-range

              For  example,  match-words-by-style -w shell -c 0 may be used to
              extract the command argument around the cursor.

              The  word-context  style  is   implemented   by   the   function
              match-word-context.   This  should not usually need to be called
              directly.

       bracketed-paste-magic
              The bracketed-paste widget (see subsection Miscellaneous in zsh-
              zle(1))  inserts  pasted  text  literally into the editor buffer
              rather than interpret it as keystrokes.  This disables some com-
              mon  usages where the self-insert widget is replaced in order to
              accomplish some extra processing.  An example is the contributed
              url-quote-magic widget described below.

              The  bracketed-paste-magic  widget  is  meant  to replace brack-
              eted-paste with a wrapper that re-enables these self-insert  ac-
              tions, and other actions as selected by zstyles.  Therefore this
              widget is installed with

                     autoload -Uz bracketed-paste-magic
                     zle -N bracketed-paste bracketed-paste-magic

              Other   than   enabling   some   widget    processing,    brack-
              eted-paste-magic attempts to replicate bracketed-paste as faith-
              fully as possible.

              The following zstyles may be set to control processing of pasted
              text.    All   are   looked   up   in   the   context   `:brack-
              eted-paste-magic'.

              active-widgets
                     A list of patterns matching widget names that  should  be
                     activated  during the paste.  All other key sequences are
                     processed as self-insert-unmeta.  The default is `self-*'
                     so  any  user-defined  widgets named with that prefix are
                     active along with the builtin self-insert.

                     If this style is not set (explicitly deleted) or  set  to
                     an empty value, no widgets are active and the pasted text
                     is inserted literally.   If  the  value  includes  `unde-
                     fined-key',  any unknown sequences are discarded from the
                     pasted text.

              inactive-keys
                     The inverse of active-widgets, a list  of  key  sequences
                     that  always use self-insert-unmeta even when bound to an
                     active widget.  Note that this is a list of  literal  key
                     sequences, not patterns.

              paste-init
                     A  list  of function names, called in widget context (but
                     not as widgets).  The functions are called in order until
                     one  of  them  returns  a non-zero status.  The parameter
                     `PASTED' contains the initial state of the  pasted  text.
                     All other ZLE parameters such as `BUFFER' have their nor-
                     mal values and side-effects, and full history  is  avail-
                     able,  so for example paste-init functions may move words
                     from BUFFER into PASTED to make those  words  visible  to
                     the active-widgets.

                     A  non-zero  return  from  a paste-init function does not
                     prevent the paste itself from proceeding.

                     Loading   bracketed-paste-magic   defines    backward-ex-
                     tend-paste, a helper function for use in paste-init.

                            zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic paste-init \
                                   backward-extend-paste

                     When  a  paste  would insert into the middle of a word or
                     append text to a word already on the  line,  backward-ex-
                     tend-paste  moves  the prefix from LBUFFER into PASTED so
                     that the active-widgets see the full word so  far.   This
                     may be useful with url-quote-magic.

              paste-finish
                     Another  list of function names called in order until one
                     returns non-zero.  These functions are called  after  the
                     pasted text has been processed by the active-widgets, but
                     before it is inserted into `BUFFER'.  ZLE parameters have
                     their normal values and side-effects.

                     A  non-zero  return from a paste-finish function does not
                     prevent the paste itself from proceeding.

                     Loading bracketed-paste-magic also defines quote-paste, a
                     helper function for use in paste-finish.

                            zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic paste-finish \
                                   quote-paste
                            zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic:finish quote-style \
                                   qqq

                     When  the  pasted  text  is  inserted  into BUFFER, it is
                     quoted per the quote-style value.  To forcibly  turn  off
                     the  built-in  numeric prefix quoting of bracketed-paste,
                     use:

                            zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic:finish quote-style \
                                   none

              Important: During active-widgets processing of the paste  (after
              paste-init  and  before  paste-finish),  BUFFER starts empty and
              history is restricted, so cursor motions,  etc.,  may  not  pass
              outside  of  the pasted content.  Text assigned to BUFFER by the
              active widgets is copied back into PASTED before paste-finish.

       copy-earlier-word
              This widget works like a  combination  of  insert-last-word  and
              copy-prev-shell-word.   Repeated  invocations  of the widget re-
              trieve earlier words on the relevant history line.  With  a  nu-
              meric  argument  N, insert the Nth word from the history line; N
              may be negative to count from the end of the line.

              If insert-last-word has been used to retrieve the last word on a
              previous  history  line,  repeated invocations will replace that
              word with earlier words from the same line.

              Otherwise, the widget applies to words on the line currently be-
              ing  edited.  The widget style can be set to the name of another
              widget that should be called to  retrieve  words.   This  widget
              must accept the same three arguments as insert-last-word.

       cycle-completion-positions
              After inserting an unambiguous string into the command line, the
              new function based completion system  may  know  about  multiple
              places  in  this  string  where characters are missing or differ
              from at least one of the possible matches.  It will  then  place
              the cursor on the position it considers to be the most interest-
              ing one, i.e. the one where one can disambiguate between as many
              matches as possible with as little typing as possible.

              This  widget  allows  the cursor to be easily moved to the other
              interesting spots.  It can be invoked repeatedly  to  cycle  be-
              tween all positions reported by the completion system.

       delete-whole-word-match
              This  is  another function which works like the -match functions
              described immediately above, i.e. using  styles  to  decide  the
              word  boundaries.   However, it is not a replacement for any ex-
              isting function.

              The basic behaviour is to delete the  word  around  the  cursor.
              There  is  no  numeric  argument  handling; only the single word
              around the cursor is considered.  If  the  widget  contains  the
              string  kill,  the  removed text will be placed in the cutbuffer
              for  future  yanking.   This  can  be   obtained   by   defining
              kill-whole-word-match as follows:

                     zle -N kill-whole-word-match delete-whole-word-match

              and then binding the widget kill-whole-word-match.

       up-line-or-beginning-search, down-line-or-beginning-search
              These   widgets   are   similar   to   the   builtin   functions
              up-line-or-search and down-line-or-search:  if  in  a  multiline
              buffer  they  move  up or down within the buffer, otherwise they
              search for a history line matching  the  start  of  the  current
              line.   In  this  case,  however,  they  search for a line which
              matches the current line up to the current cursor  position,  in
              the  manner  of  history-beginning-search-backward and -forward,
              rather than the first word on the line.

       edit-command-line
              Edit the command line using your visual editor, as in ksh.

                     bindkey -M vicmd v edit-command-line

       expand-absolute-path
              Expand the file name under the cursor to an absolute  path,  re-
              solving  symbolic  links.  Where possible, the initial path seg-
              ment is turned into a named directory or reference to  a  user's
              home directory.

       history-search-end
              This    function    implements    the   widgets   history-begin-
              ning-search-backward-end    and    history-beginning-search-for-
              ward-end.   These commands work by first calling the correspond-
              ing builtin widget (see `History Control' in zshzle(1)) and then
              moving  the  cursor to the end of the line.  The original cursor
              position is remembered and restored before calling  the  builtin
              widget  a  second  time,  so that the same search is repeated to
              look farther through the history.

              Although you autoload only one function, the commands to use  it
              are slightly different because it implements two widgets.

                     zle -N history-beginning-search-backward-end \
                            history-search-end
                     zle -N history-beginning-search-forward-end \
                            history-search-end
                     bindkey '\e^P' history-beginning-search-backward-end
                     bindkey '\e^N' history-beginning-search-forward-end

       history-beginning-search-menu
              This  function implements yet another form of history searching.
              The text before the cursor is used to select lines from the his-
              tory,  as  for history-beginning-search-backward except that all
              matches are shown in a numbered menu.   Typing  the  appropriate
              digits  inserts the full history line.  Note that leading zeroes
              must be typed (they are only shown when necessary  for  removing
              ambiguity).   The  entire  history is searched; there is no dis-
              tinction between forwards and backwards.

              With a numeric argument, the search is not anchored to the start
              of  the line; the string typed by the use may appear anywhere in
              the line in the history.

              If the widget name contains `-end' the cursor is  moved  to  the
              end  of the line inserted.  If the widget name contains `-space'
              any space in the text typed is treated as  a  wildcard  and  can
              match  anything (hence a leading space is equivalent to giving a
              numeric argument).  Both forms can be combined, for example:

                     zle -N history-beginning-search-menu-space-end \
                            history-beginning-search-menu

       history-pattern-search
              The function  history-pattern-search  implements  widgets  which
              prompt  for a pattern with which to search the history backwards
              or forwards.  The pattern is in the usual  zsh  format,  however
              the  first  character may be ^ to anchor the search to the start
              of the line, and the last character  may  be  $  to  anchor  the
              search  to  the end of the line.  If the search was not anchored
              to the end of the line the cursor is positioned just  after  the
              pattern found.

              The  commands to create bindable widgets are similar to those in
              the example immediately above:

                     autoload -U history-pattern-search
                     zle -N history-pattern-search-backward history-pattern-search
                     zle -N history-pattern-search-forward history-pattern-search

       incarg Typing the keystrokes for this widget with the cursor placed  on
              or  to  the  left of an integer causes that integer to be incre-
              mented by one.  With a numeric argument, the  number  is  incre-
              mented by the amount of the argument (decremented if the numeric
              argument is negative).  The shell parameter incarg may be set to
              change the default increment to something other than one.

                     bindkey '^X+' incarg

       incremental-complete-word
              This  allows  incremental  completion of a word.  After starting
              this command, a list of completion choices can  be  shown  after
              every  character  you type, which you can delete with ^H or DEL.
              Pressing return accepts the completion so far and returns you to
              normal editing (that is, the command line is not immediately ex-
              ecuted).  You can hit TAB to do normal completion, ^G  to  abort
              back to the state when you started, and ^D to list the matches.

              This works only with the new function based completion system.

                     bindkey '^Xi' incremental-complete-word

       insert-composed-char
              This function allows you to compose characters that don't appear
              on the keyboard to be inserted into the command line.  The  com-
              mand  is  followed by two keys corresponding to ASCII characters
              (there is no prompt).  For accented characters, the two keys are
              a  base  character  followed by a code for the accent, while for
              other special characters the two characters together form a mne-
              monic for the character to be inserted.  The two-character codes
              are a subset of  those  given  by  RFC  1345  (see  for  example
              http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1345.html).

              The  function may optionally be followed by up to two characters
              which replace one or both of the characters read from  the  key-
              board;  if  both characters are supplied, no input is read.  For
              example, insert-composed-char a: can be used within a widget  to
              insert an a with umlaut into the command line.  This has the ad-
              vantages over use of a literal character that it is more  porta-
              ble.

              For  best  results  zsh  should have been built with support for
              multibyte characters (configured with --enable-multibyte);  how-
              ever,  the  function  works  for the limited range of characters
              available in single-byte character sets such as ISO-8859-1.

              The character is converted into the local representation and in-
              serted  into the command line at the cursor position.  (The con-
              version is done within the shell, using whatever facilities  the
              C library provides.)  With a numeric argument, the character and
              its code are previewed in the status line

              The function may be run outside zle in which case it prints  the
              character  (together  with a newline) to standard output.  Input
              is still read from keystrokes.

              See insert-unicode-char for an alternative way of inserting Uni-
              code characters using their hexadecimal character number.

              The set of accented characters is reasonably complete up to Uni-
              code character U+0180, the set of special  characters  less  so.
              However,  it is very sporadic from that point.  Adding new char-
              acters is easy, however; see the function define-composed-chars.
              Please send any additions to zsh-workers@zsh.org.

              The codes for the second character when used to accent the first
              are as follows.  Note that not every character  can  take  every
              accent.
              !      Grave.
              '      Acute.
              >      Circumflex.
              ?      Tilde.   (This  is not ~ as RFC 1345 does not assume that
                     character is present on the keyboard.)
              -      Macron.  (A horizontal bar over the base character.)
              (      Breve.  (A shallow dish shape over the base character.)
              .      Dot above the base character, or in the case of i no dot,
                     or in the case of L and l a centered dot.
              :      Diaeresis (Umlaut).
              c      Cedilla.
              _      Underline,  however  there  are  currently  no underlined
                     characters.
              /      Stroke through the base character.
              "      Double acute (only supported on a few letters).
              ;      Ogonek.  (A little forward  facing  hook  at  the  bottom
                     right of the character.)
              <      Caron.  (A little v over the letter.)
              0      Circle over the base character.
              2      Hook over the base character.
              9      Horn over the base character.

              The  most common characters from the Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek and
              Hebrew alphabets are available; consult RFC 1345 for the  appro-
              priate sequences.  In addition, a set of two letter codes not in
              RFC 1345 are available for the  double-width  characters  corre-
              sponding to ASCII characters from !  to ~ (0x21 to 0x7e) by pre-
              ceding the character with ^, for example ^A for  a  double-width
              A.

              The following other two-character sequences are understood.

              ASCII characters
                     These are already present on most keyboards:
              <(     Left square bracket
              //     Backslash (solidus)
              )>     Right square bracket
              (!     Left brace (curly bracket)
              !!     Vertical bar (pipe symbol)
              !)     Right brace (curly bracket)
              '?     Tilde

              Special letters
                     Characters  found in various variants of the Latin alpha-
                     bet:
              ss     Eszett (scharfes S)
              D-, d- Eth
              TH, th Thorn
              kk     Kra
              'n     'n
              NG, ng Ng
              OI, oi Oi
              yr     yr
              ED     ezh

              Currency symbols
              Ct     Cent
              Pd     Pound sterling (also lira and others)
              Cu     Currency
              Ye     Yen
              Eu     Euro (N.B. not in RFC 1345)

              Punctuation characters
                     References to "right" quotes indicate the shape (like a 9
                     rather  than  6) rather than their grammatical use.  (For
                     example, a "right" low double quote is used to open  quo-
                     tations in German.)
              !I     Inverted exclamation mark
              BB     Broken vertical bar
              SE     Section
              Co     Copyright
              -a     Spanish feminine ordinal indicator
              <<     Left guillemet
              --     Soft hyphen
              Rg     Registered trade mark
              PI     Pilcrow (paragraph)
              -o     Spanish masculine ordinal indicator
              >>     Right guillemet
              ?I     Inverted question mark
              -1     Hyphen
              -N     En dash
              -M     Em dash
              -3     Horizontal bar
              :3     Vertical ellipsis
              .3     Horizontal midline ellipsis
              !2     Double vertical line
              =2     Double low line
              '6     Left single quote
              '9     Right single quote
              .9     "Right" low quote
              9'     Reversed "right" quote
              "6     Left double quote
              "9     Right double quote
              :9     "Right" low double quote
              9"     Reversed "right" double quote
              /-     Dagger
              /=     Double dagger

              Mathematical symbols
              DG     Degree
              -2, +-, -+
                     - sign, +/- sign, -/+ sign
              2S     Superscript 2
              3S     Superscript 3
              1S     Superscript 1
              My     Micro
              .M     Middle dot
              14     Quarter
              12     Half
              34     Three quarters
              *X     Multiplication
              -:     Division
              %0     Per mille
              FA, TE, /0
                     For all, there exists, empty set
              dP, DE, NB
                     Partial derivative, delta (increment), del (nabla)
              (-, -) Element of, contains
              *P, +Z Product, sum
              *-, Ob, Sb
                     Asterisk, ring, bullet
              RT, 0(, 00
                     Root sign, proportional to, infinity

              Other symbols
              cS, cH, cD, cC
                     Card suits: spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs
              Md, M8, M2, Mb, Mx, MX
                     Musical notation: crotchet (quarter note), quaver (eighth
                     note), semiquavers (sixteenth notes), flag sign,  natural
                     sign, sharp sign
              Fm, Ml Female, male

              Accents on their own
              '>     Circumflex (same as caret, ^)
              '!     Grave (same as backtick, `)
              ',     Cedilla
              ':     Diaeresis (Umlaut)
              'm     Macron
              ''     Acute

       insert-files
              This  function  allows  you type a file pattern, and see the re-
              sults of the expansion at each step.  When you hit  return,  all
              expansions are inserted into the command line.

                     bindkey '^Xf' insert-files

       insert-unicode-char
              When  first  executed, the user inputs a set of hexadecimal dig-
              its.  This  is  terminated  with  another  call  to  insert-uni-
              code-char.   The  digits  are then turned into the corresponding
              Unicode character.  For example, if the widget is bound to  ^XU,
              the character sequence `^XU 4 c ^XU' inserts L (Unicode U+004c).

              See insert-composed-char for a way of inserting characters using
              a two-character mnemonic.

       narrow-to-region [ -p pre ] [ -P post ]
                        [ -S statepm | -R statepm | [ -l lbufvar ] [ -r  rbuf-
       var ] ]
                        [ -n ] [ start end ]
       narrow-to-region-invisible
              Narrow  the editable portion of the buffer to the region between
              the cursor and the mark, which may be in either order.  The  re-
              gion may not be empty.

              narrow-to-region may be used as a widget or called as a function
              from a user-defined widget; by default, the text outside the ed-
              itable  area remains visible.  A recursive-edit is performed and
              the original widening status is then restored.  Various  options
              and arguments are available when it is called as a function.

              The  options  -p  pretext and -P posttext may be used to replace
              the text before and after the display for the  duration  of  the
              function; either or both may be an empty string.

              If the option -n is also given, pretext or posttext will only be
              inserted if there is text before or  after  the  region  respec-
              tively which will be made invisible.

              Two numeric arguments may be given which will be used instead of
              the cursor and mark positions.

              The option -S statepm is used to narrow according to  the  other
              options  while  saving  the original state in the parameter with
              name statepm, while the option -R statepm is used to restore the
              state from the parameter; note in both cases the name of the pa-
              rameter is required.  In the second case, other options and  ar-
              guments  are  irrelevant.   When  this method is used, no recur-
              sive-edit is performed; the  calling  widget  should  call  this
              function with the option -S, perform its own editing on the com-
              mand line or pass control to the user via `zle  recursive-edit',
              then  call  this  function  with  the  option  -R.  The argument
              statepm must be a suitable name for an ordinary  parameter,  ex-
              cept  that  parameters  beginning  with the prefix _ntr_ are re-
              served for use within narrow-to-region.  Typically the parameter
              will be local to the calling function.

              The options -l lbufvar and -r rbufvar may be used to specify pa-
              rameters where the widget will store the resulting text from the
              operation.  The parameter lbufvar will contain LBUFFER and rbuf-
              var will contain RBUFFER.  Neither of these two options  may  be
              used with -S or -R.

              narrow-to-region-invisible  is  a simple widget which calls nar-
              row-to-region with arguments which replace any text outside  the
              region with `...'.  It does not take any arguments.

              The  display  is  restored (and the widget returns) upon any zle
              command which would usually cause the line  to  be  accepted  or
              aborted.  Hence an additional such command is required to accept
              or abort the current line.

              The return status of both widgets is zero if the  line  was  ac-
              cepted, else non-zero.

              Here is a trivial example of a widget using this feature.
                     local state
                     narrow-to-region -p $'Editing restricted region\n' \
                       -P '' -S state
                     zle recursive-edit
                     narrow-to-region -R state

       predict-on
              This set of functions implements predictive typing using history
              search.  After predict-on, typing characters causes  the  editor
              to  look  backward  in  the history for the first line beginning
              with what you have typed so far.  After predict-off, editing re-
              turns  to  normal  for the line found.  In fact, you often don't
              even need to use predict-off, because if the line doesn't  match
              something in the history, adding a key performs standard comple-
              tion, and then inserts itself  if  no  completions  were  found.
              However,  editing  in  the middle of a line is liable to confuse
              prediction; see the toggle style below.

              With the function based completion system (which is  needed  for
              this), you should be able to type TAB at almost any point to ad-
              vance the cursor to the next ``interesting'' character  position
              (usually the end of the current word, but sometimes somewhere in
              the middle of the word).  And of course as soon  as  the  entire
              line is what you want, you can accept with return, without need-
              ing to move the cursor to the end first.

              The first time predict-on is used, it creates several additional
              widget functions:

              delete-backward-and-predict
                     Replaces  the  backward-delete-char  widget.   You do not
                     need to bind this yourself.
              insert-and-predict
                     Implements predictive typing by replacing the self-insert
                     widget.  You do not need to bind this yourself.
              predict-off
                     Turns off predictive typing.

              Although you autoload only the predict-on function, it is neces-
              sary to create a keybinding for predict-off as well.

                     zle -N predict-on
                     zle -N predict-off
                     bindkey '^X^Z' predict-on
                     bindkey '^Z' predict-off

       read-from-minibuffer
              This is most useful when called as a function from inside a wid-
              get,  but  will work correctly as a widget in its own right.  It
              prompts for a value below the current command line; a value  may
              be  input  using  all  of  the  standard zle operations (and not
              merely the restricted set available when executing, for example,
              execute-named-cmd).   The  value is then returned to the calling
              function in the parameter $REPLY and the editing buffer restored
              to  its  previous  state.  If the read was aborted by a keyboard
              break (typically ^G), the function returns status 1  and  $REPLY
              is not set.

              If  one  argument  is  supplied to the function it is taken as a
              prompt, otherwise `? ' is used.  If two arguments are  supplied,
              they  are the prompt and the initial value of $LBUFFER, and if a
              third argument is given it is the  initial  value  of  $RBUFFER.
              This  provides  a  default  value and starting cursor placement.
              Upon return the entire buffer is the value of $REPLY.

              One option is available: `-k num' specifies that num  characters
              are  to be read instead of a whole line.  The line editor is not
              invoked recursively in this case, so depending on  the  terminal
              settings  the  input may not be visible, and only the input keys
              are placed in $REPLY, not the entire buffer.  Note  that  unlike
              the read builtin num must be given; there is no default.

              The  name  is  a  slight  misnomer,  as  in fact the shell's own
              minibuffer is not used.  Hence it is still possible to call exe-
              cuted-named-cmd and similar functions while reading a value.

       replace-argument, replace-argument-edit
              The  function  replace-argument can be used to replace a command
              line argument in the current command line  or,  if  the  current
              command  line  is  empty, in the last command line executed (the
              new command line is not executed).  Arguments are  as  delimited
              by standard shell syntax,

              If  a  numeric argument is given, that specifies the argument to
              be replaced.  0 means the command name, as in history expansion.
              A negative numeric argument counts backward from the last word.

              If  no  numeric  argument  is given, the current argument is re-
              placed; this is the last argument if the previous  history  line
              is being used.

              The function prompts for a replacement argument.

              If  the  widget contains the string edit, for example is defined
              as

                     zle -N replace-argument-edit replace-argument

              then the function presents the current value of the argument for
              editing,  otherwise  the  editing  buffer for the replacement is
              initially empty.

       replace-string, replace-pattern
       replace-string-again, replace-pattern-again
              The function replace-string implements three  widgets.   If  de-
              fined  under  the  same name as the function, it prompts for two
              strings; the first (source) string will be replaced by the  sec-
              ond everywhere it occurs in the line editing buffer.

              If  the  widget name contains the word `pattern', for example by
              defining the widget using the command  `zle  -N  replace-pattern
              replace-string',  then  the matching is performed using zsh pat-
              terns.  All zsh extended globbing patterns can be  used  in  the
              source  string; note that unlike filename generation the pattern
              does not need to match an entire word, nor  do  glob  qualifiers
              have  any  effect.  In addition, the replacement string can con-
              tain parameter or command substitutions.  Furthermore, a `&'  in
              the  replacement string will be replaced with the matched source
              string, and a backquoted digit `\N' will be replaced by the  Nth
              parenthesised  expression  matched.  The form `\{N}' may be used
              to protect the digit from following digits.

              If the widget instead contains the word `regex'  (or  `regexp'),
              then  the  matching  is performed using regular expressions, re-
              specting the setting of the option RE_MATCH_PCRE  (see  the  de-
              scription  of  the  function regexp-replace below).  The special
              replacement facilities described above for pattern matching  are
              available.

              By default the previous source or replacement string will not be
              offered for editing.  However, this feature can be activated  by
              setting  the style edit-previous in the context :zle:widget (for
              example, :zle:replace-string) to true.  In addition, a  positive
              numeric  argument  forces  the  previous values to be offered, a
              negative or zero argument forces them not to be.

              The function replace-string-again can be used to repeat the pre-
              vious   replacement;   no   prompting  is  done.   As  with  re-
              place-string, if the name of the widget contains the word  `pat-
              tern' or `regex', pattern or regular expression matching is per-
              formed, else a literal string replacement.  Note that the previ-
              ous  source  and  replacement text are the same whether pattern,
              regular expression or string matching is used.

              In addition, replace-string shows the previous replacement above
              the prompt, so long as there was one during the current session;
              if the source string is empty, that replacement will be repeated
              without the widget prompting for a replacement string.

              For example, starting from the line:

                     print This line contains fan and fond

              and  invoking replace-pattern with the source string `f(?)n' and
              the replacement string `c\1r' produces the not very useful line:

                     print This line contains car and cord

              The range of the replacement string can be limited by using  the
              narrow-to-region-invisible  widget.   One limitation of the cur-
              rent version is that undo will cycle through changes to the  re-
              placement  and source strings before undoing the replacement it-
              self.

       send-invisible
              This is similar to read-from-minibuffer in that it may be called
              as  a  function from a widget or as a widget of its own, and in-
              teractively reads input from the keyboard.  However,  the  input
              being  typed  is  concealed  and  a string of asterisks (`*') is
              shown instead.  The value is saved in the  parameter  $INVISIBLE
              to  which a reference is inserted into the editing buffer at the
              restored cursor position.  If the read was aborted by a keyboard
              break  (typically  ^G)  or  another  escape from editing such as
              push-line, $INVISIBLE is set to empty and the original buffer is
              restored unchanged.

              If  one  argument  is  supplied to the function it is taken as a
              prompt, otherwise `Non-echoed text: ' is used (as in emacs).  If
              a  second and third argument are supplied they are used to begin
              and end the reference to $INVISIBLE that is  inserted  into  the
              buffer.   The  default  is  to open with ${, then INVISIBLE, and
              close with }, but many other effects are possible.

       smart-insert-last-word
              This function may replace the insert-last-word widget, like so:

                     zle -N insert-last-word smart-insert-last-word

              With a numeric argument, or when passed command  line  arguments
              in a call from another widget, it behaves like insert-last-word,
              except that words in comments are ignored when  INTERACTIVE_COM-
              MENTS is set.

              Otherwise,  the rightmost ``interesting'' word from the previous
              command is found and inserted.  The default definition of  ``in-
              teresting''  is  that  the word contains at least one alphabetic
              character, slash, or backslash.  This definition may be overrid-
              den  by use of the match style.  The context used to look up the
              style is the  widget  name,  so  usually  the  context  is  :in-
              sert-last-word.   However, you can bind this function to differ-
              ent widgets to use different patterns:

                     zle -N insert-last-assignment smart-insert-last-word
                     zstyle :insert-last-assignment match '[[:alpha:]][][[:alnum:]]#=*'
                     bindkey '\e=' insert-last-assignment

              If no interesting word is found and the auto-previous  style  is
              set  to  a  true  value, the search continues upward through the
              history.  When auto-previous is unset or  false  (the  default),
              the widget must be invoked repeatedly in order to search earlier
              history lines.

       transpose-lines
              Only useful with a multi-line editing buffer; the lines here are
              lines  within  the  current on-screen buffer, not history lines.
              The effect is similar to the function of the same name in Emacs.

              Transpose the current line with the previous line and  move  the
              cursor to the start of the next line.  Repeating this (which can
              be done by providing a positive numeric argument) has the effect
              of moving the line above the cursor down by a number of lines.

              With  a  negative numeric argument, requires two lines above the
              cursor.  These two lines are transposed and the cursor moved  to
              the  start  of the previous line.  Using a numeric argument less
              than -1 has the effect of moving the line above the cursor up by
              minus that number of lines.

       url-quote-magic
              This  widget replaces the built-in self-insert to make it easier
              to type URLs as command line arguments.  As you type, the  input
              character  is  analyzed and, if it may need quoting, the current
              word is checked for a URI scheme.  If one is found and the  cur-
              rent  word is not already in quotes, a backslash is inserted be-
              fore the input character.

              Styles to control quoting behavior:

              url-metas
                     This   style   is    looked    up    in    the    context
                     `:url-quote-magic:scheme'  (where  scheme  is that of the
                     current URL, e.g. "ftp").  The value is a string  listing
                     the  characters  to be treated as globbing metacharacters
                     when appearing in a URL using that scheme.   The  default
                     is to quote all zsh extended globbing characters, exclud-
                     ing '<' and '>' but including braces (as in brace  expan-
                     sion).  See also url-seps.

              url-seps
                     Like  url-metas, but lists characters that should be con-
                     sidered command separators, redirections, history  refer-
                     ences,  etc.  The default is to quote the standard set of
                     shell separators, excluding those that overlap  with  the
                     extended  globbing  characters, but including '<' and '>'
                     and the first character of $histchars.

              url-globbers
                     This   style   is    looked    up    in    the    context
                     `:url-quote-magic'.   The  values  form a list of command
                     names that are expected to do their own globbing  on  the
                     URL  string.   This  implies that they are aliased to use
                     the `noglob' modifier.  When the first word on  the  line
                     matches  one  of the values and the URL refers to a local
                     file (see url-local-schema), only the url-seps characters
                     are  quoted;  the url-metas are left alone, allowing them
                     to affect command-line parsing, completion, etc.  The de-
                     fault  values  are  a  literal  `noglob'  plus  (when the
                     zsh/parameter module is available) any  commands  aliased
                     to   the   helper  function  `urlglobber'  or  its  alias
                     `globurl'.

              url-local-schema
                     This style is always looked up in the context  `:urlglob-
                     ber',  even though it is used by both url-quote-magic and
                     urlglobber.  The values form a list of  URI  schema  that
                     should  be  treated  as referring to local files by their
                     real local path names, as  opposed  to  files  which  are
                     specified relative to a web-server-defined document root.
                     The defaults are "ftp" and "file".

              url-other-schema
                     Like url-local-schema, but lists  all  other  URI  schema
                     upon which urlglobber and url-quote-magic should act.  If
                     the URI on the command line does not have  a  scheme  ap-
                     pearing either in this list or in url-local-schema, it is
                     not magically quoted.  The  default  values  are  "http",
                     "https",  and "ftp".  When a scheme appears both here and
                     in url-local-schema, it is quoted  differently  depending
                     on whether the command name appears in url-globbers.

              Loading url-quote-magic also defines a helper function `urlglob-
              ber' and aliases `globurl' to `noglob urlglobber'.   This  func-
              tion  takes a local URL apart, attempts to pattern-match the lo-
              cal file portion of the URL path, and then puts the results back
              into URL format again.

       vi-pipe
              This  function  reads  a  movement command from the keyboard and
              then prompts for an external command. The  part  of  the  buffer
              covered  by  the  movement  is piped to the external command and
              then replaced by the command's output. If the  movement  command
              is bound to vi-pipe, the current line is used.

              The function serves as an example for reading a vi movement com-
              mand from within a user-defined widget.

       which-command
              This function is a drop-in replacement for  the  builtin  widget
              which-command.   It has enhanced behaviour, in that it correctly
              detects whether or not the command word needs to be expanded  as
              an  alias; if so, it continues tracing the command word from the
              expanded alias until it reaches the command that  will  be  exe-
              cuted.

              The  style whence is available in the context :zle:$WIDGET; this
              may be set to an array to give the command and options that will
              be  used  to investigate the command word found.  The default is
              whence -c.

       zcalc-auto-insert
              This function is useful together with  the  zcalc  function  de-
              scribed  in  the  section  Mathematical Functions.  It should be
              bound to a key representing a binary operator such as `+',  `-',
              `*'  or  `/'.   When  running in zcalc, if the key occurs at the
              start of the line or immediately following an open  parenthesis,
              the text "ans " is inserted before the representation of the key
              itself.  This allows easy use of the answer  from  the  previous
              calculation in the current line.  The text to be inserted before
              the symbol  typed  can  be  modified  by  setting  the  variable
              ZCALC_AUTO_INSERT_PREFIX.

              Hence,  for  example, typing `+12' followed by return adds 12 to
              the previous result.

              If zcalc is in RPN mode (-r option) the effect of  this  binding
              is  automatically  suppressed  as  operators alone on a line are
              meaningful.

              When not in zcalc, the key simply inserts the symbol itself.

   Utility Functions
       These functions are useful in constructing  widgets.   They  should  be
       loaded  with  `autoload  -U  function'  and  called  as  indicated from
       user-defined widgets.

       split-shell-arguments
              This function splits the line currently being edited into  shell
              arguments and whitespace.  The result is stored in the array re-
              ply.  The array contains all the parts of  the  line  in  order,
              starting with any whitespace before the first argument, and fin-
              ishing with any whitespace after the last argument.   Hence  (so
              long as the option KSH_ARRAYS is not set) whitespace is given by
              odd indices in the array and arguments by  even  indices.   Note
              that  no  stripping  of quotes is done; joining together all the
              elements of reply in order is guaranteed to produce the original
              line.

              The  parameter  REPLY  is  set to the index of the word in reply
              which contains the character after the cursor, where  the  first
              element  has  index 1.  The parameter REPLY2 is set to the index
              of the character under the cursor in that word, where the  first
              character has index 1.

              Hence  reply,  REPLY  and REPLY2 should all be made local to the
              enclosing function.

              See the function modify-current-argument, described  below,  for
              an example of how to call this function.

       modify-current-argument [ expr-using-$ARG | func ]
              This  function provides a simple method of allowing user-defined
              widgets to modify the command line argument under the cursor (or
              immediately  to  the left of the cursor if the cursor is between
              arguments).

              The argument can be an expression which when evaluated  operates
              on the shell parameter ARG, which will have been set to the com-
              mand line argument under the cursor.  The expression  should  be
              suitably quoted to prevent it being evaluated too early.

              Alternatively,  if the argument does not contain the string ARG,
              it is assumed to be a shell function, to which the current  com-
              mand line argument is passed as the only argument.  The function
              should set the variable REPLY to the new value for  the  command
              line argument.  If the function returns non-zero status, so does
              the calling function.

              For example, a user-defined widget containing the following code
              converts  the  characters  in the argument under the cursor into
              all upper case:

                     modify-current-argument '${(U)ARG}'

              The following strips any quoting from the current word  (whether
              backslashes  or  one  of  the styles of quotes), and replaces it
              with single quoting throughout:

                     modify-current-argument '${(qq)${(Q)ARG}}'

              The following performs directory expansion on the  command  line
              argument and replaces it by the absolute path:

                     expand-dir() {
                       REPLY=${~1}
                       REPLY=${REPLY:a}
                     }
                     modify-current-argument expand-dir

              In  practice  the  function expand-dir would probably not be de-
              fined within the widget where modify-current-argument is called.

   Styles
       The behavior of several of the above widgets can be controlled  by  the
       use of the zstyle mechanism.  In particular, widgets that interact with
       the completion system pass along their context to any completions  that
       they invoke.

       break-keys
              This  style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget. Its
              value should be a pattern, and all keys  matching  this  pattern
              will cause the widget to stop incremental completion without the
              key having any further effect. Like all styles used directly  by
              incremental-complete-word,  this  style  is  looked up using the
              context `:incremental'.

       completer
              The incremental-complete-word and insert-and-predict widgets set
              up their top-level context name before calling completion.  This
              allows one to define different sets of completer  functions  for
              normal  completion  and  for these widgets.  For example, to use
              completion, approximation and correction for normal  completion,
              completion  and  correction  for incremental completion and only
              completion for prediction one could use:

                     zstyle ':completion:*' completer \
                             _complete _correct _approximate
                     zstyle ':completion:incremental:*' completer \
                             _complete _correct
                     zstyle ':completion:predict:*' completer \
                             _complete

              It is a good idea to restrict the completers used in prediction,
              because  they  may  be  automatically  invoked as you type.  The
              _list and _menu completers should never be used with prediction.
              The  _approximate,  _correct, _expand, and _match completers may
              be used, but be aware that they may change  characters  anywhere
              in  the  word  behind the cursor, so you need to watch carefully
              that the result is what you intended.

       cursor The insert-and-predict widget uses this style,  in  the  context
              `:predict', to decide where to place the cursor after completion
              has been tried.  Values are:

              complete
                     The cursor is left where it was when completion finished,
                     but only if it is after a character equal to the one just
                     inserted by the user.  If it is after another  character,
                     this value is the same as `key'.

              key    The  cursor is left after the nth occurrence of the char-
                     acter just inserted, where n is the number of times  that
                     character  appeared in the word before completion was at-
                     tempted.  In short, this has the effect  of  leaving  the
                     cursor after the character just typed even if the comple-
                     tion code found out that no other characters need  to  be
                     inserted at that position.

              Any other value for this style unconditionally leaves the cursor
              at the position where the completion code left it.

       list   When using the incremental-complete-word widget, this style says
              if  the matches should be listed on every key press (if they fit
              on the screen).  Use the context  prefix  `:completion:incremen-
              tal'.

              The  insert-and-predict  widget uses this style to decide if the
              completion should be shown even if there is  only  one  possible
              completion.   This  is  done  if  the value of this style is the
              string always.  In this case  the  context  is  `:predict'  (not
              `:completion:predict').

       match  This  style  is used by smart-insert-last-word to provide a pat-
              tern (using full EXTENDED_GLOB syntax) that matches an interest-
              ing  word.   The  context  is  the  name  of the widget to which
              smart-insert-last-word is bound (see above).  The default behav-
              ior of smart-insert-last-word is equivalent to:

                     zstyle :insert-last-word match '*[[:alpha:]/\\]*'

              However, you might want to include words that contain spaces:

                     zstyle :insert-last-word match '*[[:alpha:][:space:]/\\]*'

              Or  include  numbers as long as the word is at least two charac-
              ters long:

                     zstyle :insert-last-word match '*([[:digit:]]?|[[:alpha:]/\\])*'

              The above example causes redirections like "2>" to be included.

       prompt The incremental-complete-word widget shows  the  value  of  this
              style  in  the  status  line during incremental completion.  The
              string value may contain any of the following substrings in  the
              manner of the PS1 and other prompt parameters:

              %c     Replaced  by the name of the completer function that gen-
                     erated the matches (without the leading underscore).

              %l     When the list style is set, replaced by `...' if the list
                     of  matches  is too long to fit on the screen and with an
                     empty string otherwise.  If the list style is `false'  or
                     not set, `%l' is always removed.

              %n     Replaced by the number of matches generated.

              %s     Replaced  by  `-no  match-',  `-no  prefix-', or an empty
                     string if there is no completion matching the word on the
                     line, if the matches have no common prefix different from
                     the word on the line, or if there is such a  common  pre-
                     fix, respectively.

              %u     Replaced by the unambiguous part of all matches, if there
                     is any, and if it is different from the word on the line.

              Like `break-keys', this uses the `:incremental' context.

       stop-keys
              This style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget.  Its
              value  is  treated similarly to the one for the break-keys style
              (and uses the same context: `:incremental').  However,  in  this
              case  all keys matching the pattern given as its value will stop
              incremental completion and will then execute their  usual  func-
              tion.

       toggle This boolean style is used by predict-on and its related widgets
              in the context `:predict'.  If set to one of the standard `true'
              values, predictive typing is automatically toggled off in situa-
              tions where it is unlikely to be useful, such as when editing  a
              multi-line  buffer or after moving into the middle of a line and
              then deleting a character.  The default is to  leave  prediction
              turned on until an explicit call to predict-off.

       verbose
              This boolean style is used by predict-on and its related widgets
              in the context `:predict'.  If set to one of the standard `true'
              values,  these  widgets  display a message below the prompt when
              the predictive state is toggled.  This is most useful in  combi-
              nation  with  the  toggle  style.   The default does not display
              these messages.

       widget This style is similar to the command style: For widget functions
              that  use zle to call other widgets, this style can sometimes be
              used to override the widget which is called.   The  context  for
              this  style  is  the name of the calling widget (not the name of
              the calling function, because one function may be bound to  mul-
              tiple widget names).

                     zstyle :copy-earlier-word widget smart-insert-last-word

              Check  the  documentation  for the calling widget or function to
              determine whether the widget style is used.

EXCEPTION HANDLING
       Two functions are provided to enable zsh to provide exception  handling
       in a form that should be familiar from other languages.

       throw exception
              The  function  throw throws the named exception.  The name is an
              arbitrary string and is only used by the throw and  catch  func-
              tions.   An exception is for the most part treated the same as a
              shell error, i.e. an unhandled exception will cause the shell to
              abort  all  processing  in a function or script and to return to
              the top level in an interactive shell.

       catch exception-pattern
              The function catch returns  status  zero  if  an  exception  was
              thrown and the pattern exception-pattern matches its name.  Oth-
              erwise it returns status 1.   exception-pattern  is  a  standard
              shell  pattern,  respecting  the  current  setting  of  the  EX-
              TENDED_GLOB option.  An alias catch is also defined  to  prevent
              the  argument  to  the function from matching filenames, so pat-
              terns may be used unquoted.  Note that  as  exceptions  are  not
              fundamentally  different  from other shell errors it is possible
              to catch shell errors by using an empty string as the  exception
              name.   The shell variable CAUGHT is set by catch to the name of
              the exception caught.  It is possible to rethrow an exception by
              calling  the  throw  function  again  once an exception has been
              caught.

       The functions are designed to be used together  with  the  always  con-
       struct  described  in  zshmisc(1).  This is important as only this con-
       struct provides the required support for exceptions.  A typical example
       is as follows.

              {
                # "try" block
                # ... nested code here calls "throw MyExcept"
              } always {
                # "always" block
                if catch MyExcept; then
                  print "Caught exception MyExcept"
                elif catch ''; then
                  print "Caught a shell error.  Propagating..."
                  throw ''
                fi
                # Other exceptions are not handled but may be caught further
                # up the call stack.
              }

       If  all  exceptions  should  be  caught,  the  following idiom might be
       preferable.

              {
                # ... nested code here throws an exception
              } always {
                if catch *; then
                  case $CAUGHT in
                    (MyExcept)
                    print "Caught my own exception"
                    ;;
                    (*)
                    print "Caught some other exception"
                    ;;
                  esac
                fi
              }

       In common with exception handling in other languages, the exception may
       be  thrown by code deeply nested inside the `try' block.  However, note
       that it must be thrown inside the current  shell,  not  in  a  subshell
       forked  for  a pipeline, parenthesised current-shell construct, or some
       form of command or process substitution.

       The system internally uses the shell variable EXCEPTION to  record  the
       name  of  the exception between throwing and catching.  One drawback of
       this scheme is that if the exception is not handled the variable EXCEP-
       TION  remains  set  and may be incorrectly recognised as the name of an
       exception if a shell error subsequently occurs.  Adding unset EXCEPTION
       at  the  start  of  the outermost layer of any code that uses exception
       handling will eliminate this problem.

MIME FUNCTIONS
       Three functions are available to provide handling of  files  recognised
       by extension, for example to dispatch a file text.ps when executed as a
       command to an appropriate viewer.

       zsh-mime-setup [ -fv ] [ -l [ suffix ... ] ]
       zsh-mime-handler [ -l ] command argument ...
              These  two   functions   use   the   files   ~/.mime.types   and
              /etc/mime.types,  which  associate types and extensions, as well
              as ~/.mailcap and /etc/mailcap files, which associate types  and
              the  programs that handle them.  These are provided on many sys-
              tems with the Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions.

              To enable the system, the function zsh-mime-setup should be  au-
              toloaded  and  run.   This  allows  files  with extensions to be
              treated as executable; such files be completed by  the  function
              completion  system.   The  function  zsh-mime-handler should not
              need to be called by the user.

              The system works by setting up suffix aliases with  `alias  -s'.
              Suffix  aliases  already installed by the user will not be over-
              written.

              For suffixes defined in lower case,  upper  case  variants  will
              also automatically be handled (e.g. PDF is automatically handled
              if handling for the suffix pdf is defined), but not vice versa.

              Repeated calls to zsh-mime-setup do not  override  the  existing
              mapping  between suffixes and executable files unless the option
              -f is given.  Note, however, that this does not override  exist-
              ing suffix aliases assigned to handlers other than zsh-mime-han-
              dler.

              Calling zsh-mime-setup with the option  -l  lists  the  existing
              mappings  without  altering  them.   Suffixes to list (which may
              contain pattern characters that should be quoted from  immediate
              interpretation  on  the command line) may be given as additional
              arguments, otherwise all suffixes are listed.

              Calling zsh-mime-setup with the option -v causes verbose  output
              to be shown during the setup operation.

              The  system  respects  the mailcap flags needsterminal and copi-
              ousoutput, see mailcap(4).

              The functions use the following styles, which are  defined  with
              the  zstyle builtin command (see zshmodules(1)).  They should be
              defined before zsh-mime-setup is run.   The  contexts  used  all
              start with :mime:, with additional components in some cases.  It
              is recommended that a trailing * (suitably quoted)  be  appended
              to  style  patterns  in  case  the system is extended in future.
              Some examples are given below.

              For files that have multiple suffixes, e.g. .pdf.gz,  where  the
              context  includes  the suffix it will be looked up starting with
              the longest possible suffix until  a  match  for  the  style  is
              found.   For  example,  if .pdf.gz produces a match for the han-
              dler, that will be used; otherwise the handler for .gz  will  be
              used.   Note  that,  owing to the way suffix aliases work, it is
              always required that there be a handler for the shortest  possi-
              ble  suffix,  so  in this example .pdf.gz can only be handled if
              .gz is also handled (though not necessarily in  the  same  way).
              Alternatively, if no handling for .gz on its own is needed, sim-
              ply adding the command

                     alias -s gz=zsh-mime-handler

              to the initialisation code is sufficient; .gz will not  be  han-
              dled on its own, but may be in combination with other suffixes.

              current-shell
                     If  this  boolean  style is true, the mailcap handler for
                     the context in question is run using the eval builtin in-
                     stead  of by starting a new sh process.  This is more ef-
                     ficient, but may not work in the occasional  cases  where
                     the mailcap handler uses strict POSIX syntax.

              disown If  this  boolean style is true, mailcap handlers started
                     in the background will be disowned, i.e. not  subject  to
                     job  control  within  the  parent  shell.   Such handlers
                     nearly always produce their  own  windows,  so  the  only
                     likely  harmful  side effect of setting the style is that
                     it becomes harder to kill jobs from within the shell.

              execute-as-is
                     This style gives a list of patterns to be matched against
                     files  passed  for  execution with a handler program.  If
                     the file matches the pattern, the entire command line  is
                     executed  in  its current form, with no handler.  This is
                     useful for files which might have suffixes  but  nonethe-
                     less  be  executable in their own right.  If the style is
                     not set, the pattern *(*) *(/) is used; hence  executable
                     files  are executed directly and not passed to a handler,
                     and the option AUTO_CD may be used to change to  directo-
                     ries that happen to have MIME suffixes.

              execute-never
                     This  style  is useful in combination with execute-as-is.
                     It is set to an array of patterns corresponding  to  full
                     paths  to  files  that  should  never  be treated as exe-
                     cutable, even if the file  passed  to  the  MIME  handler
                     matches  execute-as-is.   This is useful for file systems
                     that don't handle execute permission or that contain exe-
                     cutables  from another operating system.  For example, if
                     /mnt/windows is a Windows mount, then

                            zstyle ':mime:*' execute-never '/mnt/windows/*'

                     will ensure that any files found in that area will be ex-
                     ecuted  as  MIME  types  even if they are executable.  As
                     this example shows, the complete  file  name  is  matched
                     against  the  pattern,  regardless  of  how  the file was
                     passed to the handler.  The file is resolved  to  a  full
                     path  using  the  :P modifier described in the subsection
                     Modifiers in zshexpn(1); this means that  symbolic  links
                     are  resolved  where  possible,  so that links into other
                     file systems behave in the correct fashion.

              file-path
                     Used if the style find-file-in-path is true for the  same
                     context.   Set  to  an array of directories that are used
                     for searching for the file to be handled; the default  is
                     the  command  path  given  by the special parameter path.
                     The shell option PATH_DIRS is respected; if that is  set,
                     the appropriate path will be searched even if the name of
                     the file to be handled as it appears on the command  line
                     contains  a  `/'.  The full context is :mime:.suffix:, as
                     described for the style handler.

              find-file-in-path
                     If set, allows files whose names do not contain  absolute
                     paths  to be searched for in the command path or the path
                     specified by the file-path style.  If  the  file  is  not
                     found  in  the path, it is looked for locally (whether or
                     not the current directory is in the path); if it  is  not
                     found  locally,  the  handler  will abort unless the han-
                     dle-nonexistent style is set.  Files found  in  the  path
                     are tested as described for the style execute-as-is.  The
                     full context is  :mime:.suffix:,  as  described  for  the
                     style handler.

              flags  Defines flags to go with a handler; the context is as for
                     the handler style, and the format is as for the flags  in
                     mailcap.

              handle-nonexistent
                     By  default, arguments that don't correspond to files are
                     not passed to the MIME handler in  order  to  prevent  it
                     from  intercepting commands found in the path that happen
                     to have suffixes.  This style may be set to an  array  of
                     extended  glob patterns for arguments that will be passed
                     to the handler even if they don't exist.  If  it  is  not
                     explicitly  set  it defaults to [[:alpha:]]#:/* which al-
                     lows URLs to be passed to the MIME  handler  even  though
                     they  don't exist in that format in the file system.  The
                     full context is  :mime:.suffix:,  as  described  for  the
                     style handler.

              handler
                     Specifies  a handler for a suffix; the suffix is given by
                     the context as :mime:.suffix:, and the format of the han-
                     dler  is exactly that in mailcap.  Note in particular the
                     `.' and trailing colon to distinguish  this  use  of  the
                     context.   This  overrides  any  handler specified by the
                     mailcap files.  If the handler requires a  terminal,  the
                     flags style should be set to include the word needstermi-
                     nal, or if the output is to be displayed through a  pager
                     (but not if the handler is itself a pager), it should in-
                     clude copiousoutput.

              mailcap
                     A  list  of  files  in  the  format  of  ~/.mailcap   and
                     /etc/mailcap  to  be read during setup, replacing the de-
                     fault list which consists of those two files.   The  con-
                     text  is :mime:.  A + in the list will be replaced by the
                     default files.

              mailcap-priorities
                     This style is used to resolve  multiple  mailcap  entries
                     for  the  same MIME type.  It consists of an array of the
                     following elements,  in  descending  order  of  priority;
                     later  entries will be used if earlier entries are unable
                     to resolve the entries being compared.  If  none  of  the
                     tests resolve the entries, the first entry encountered is
                     retained.

                     files  The order of files (entries in the mailcap  style)
                            read.   Earlier  files  are preferred.  (Note this
                            does not resolve entries in the same file.)

                     priority
                            The priority flag from  the  mailcap  entry.   The
                            priority  is  an  integer from 0 to 9 with the de-
                            fault value being 5.

                     flags  The test given by the mailcap-prio-flags option is
                            used to resolve entries.

                     place  Later  entries  are  preferred; as the entries are
                            strictly ordered, this test always succeeds.

                     Note that as this style is handled during initialisation,
                     the  context  is always :mime:, with no discrimination by
                     suffix.

              mailcap-prio-flags
                     This style is used when the keyword flags is  encountered
                     in  the list of tests specified by the mailcap-priorities
                     style.  It should be set to a list of patterns,  each  of
                     which  is tested against the flags specified in the mail-
                     cap entry (in other words, the sets of assignments  found
                     with some entries in the mailcap file).  Earlier patterns
                     in the list are preferred to later ones, and matched pat-
                     terns are preferred to unmatched ones.

              mime-types
                     A  list  of  files  in  the  format  of ~/.mime.types and
                     /etc/mime.types to be read during  setup,  replacing  the
                     default list which consists of those two files.  The con-
                     text is :mime:.  A + in the list will be replaced by  the
                     default files.

              never-background
                     If  this  boolean style is set, the handler for the given
                     context is always run in  the  foreground,  even  if  the
                     flags  provided  in the mailcap entry suggest it need not
                     be (for example, it doesn't require a terminal).

              pager  If set, will be used instead of $PAGER or more to  handle
                     suffixes  where  the copiousoutput flag is set.  The con-
                     text is as for handler, i.e. :mime:.suffix: for  handling
                     a file with the given suffix.

              Examples:

                     zstyle ':mime:*' mailcap ~/.mailcap /usr/local/etc/mailcap
                     zstyle ':mime:.txt:' handler less %s
                     zstyle ':mime:.txt:' flags needsterminal

              When  zsh-mime-setup is subsequently run, it will look for mail-
              cap entries in the two files given.  Files of suffix  .txt  will
              be  handled  by running `less file.txt'.  The flag needsterminal
              is set to show that this program must run attached to  a  termi-
              nal.

              As there are several steps to dispatching a command, the follow-
              ing should be checked if attempting to execute a file by  exten-
              sion .ext does not have the expected effect.

              The  command  `alias  -s ext' should show `ps=zsh-mime-handler'.
              If it shows something else, another suffix alias was already in-
              stalled  and  was not overwritten.  If it shows nothing, no han-
              dler was installed:  this is most likely because no handler  was
              found in the .mime.types and mailcap combination for .ext files.
              In  that  case,  appropriate  handling  should   be   added   to
              ~/.mime.types and mailcap.

              If  the extension is handled by zsh-mime-handler but the file is
              not opened correctly, either the handler defined for the type is
              incorrect,  or  the flags associated with it are in appropriate.
              Running zsh-mime-setup -l will show the handler  and,  if  there
              are any, the flags.  A %s in the handler is replaced by the file
              (suitably quoted if necessary).  Check that the handler  program
              listed  lists  and can be run in the way shown.  Also check that
              the flags needsterminal or copiousoutput are set if the  handler
              needs to be run under a terminal; the second flag is used if the
              output should be sent to a pager.   An  example  of  a  suitable
              mailcap entry for such a program is:

                     text/html; /usr/bin/lynx '%s'; needsterminal

              Running  `zsh-mime-handler  -l  command line' prints the command
              line that would be executed, simplified to remove the effect  of
              any  flags,  and  quoted so that the output can be run as a com-
              plete zsh command line.  This is used by the  completion  system
              to   decide   how   to   complete   after   a  file  handled  by
              zsh-mime-setup.

       pick-web-browser
              This function is separate from the two MIME functions  described
              above and can be assigned directly to a suffix:

                     autoload -U pick-web-browser
                     alias -s html=pick-web-browser

              It  is  provided  as  an intelligent front end to dispatch a web
              browser.  It may be run as either a function or a shell  script.
              The status 255 is returned if no browser could be started.

              Various   styles  are  available  to  customize  the  choice  of
              browsers:

              browser-style
                     The value of the style is an array giving preferences  in
                     decreasing  order  for  the  type of browser to use.  The
                     values of elements may be

                     running
                            Use a GUI browser that is already running when  an
                            X  Window  display  is  available.   The  browsers
                            listed in the x-browsers style are tried in  order
                            until  one  is  found;  if it is, the file will be
                            displayed in that browser, so the user may need to
                            check  whether  it  has  appeared.   If no running
                            browser is found, one is  not  started.   Browsers
                            other  than  Firefox,  Opera and Konqueror are as-
                            sumed to understand the Mozilla syntax for opening
                            a URL remotely.

                     x      Start  a  new GUI browser when an X Window display
                            is available.  Search for the availability of  one
                            of the browsers listed in the x-browsers style and
                            start the first one that is found.   No  check  is
                            made for an already running browser.

                     tty    Start  a  terminal-based  browser.  Search for the
                            availability of one of the browsers listed in  the
                            tty-browsers style and start the first one that is
                            found.

                     If the style is not set the  default  running  x  tty  is
                     used.

              x-browsers
                     An array in decreasing order of preference of browsers to
                     use when running under the X Window  System.   The  array
                     consists  of  the  command  name under which to start the
                     browser.  They are looked up in the context :mime: (which
                     may  be  extended  in  future, so appending `*' is recom-
                     mended).  For example,

                            zstyle ':mime:*' x-browsers opera konqueror firefox

                     specifies that pick-web-browser should first look  for  a
                     running  instance of Opera, Konqueror or Firefox, in that
                     order, and if it fails to  find  any  should  attempt  to
                     start  Opera.   The  default  is firefox mozilla netscape
                     opera konqueror.

              tty-browsers
                     An array similar to  x-browsers,  except  that  it  gives
                     browsers  to  use  when no X Window display is available.
                     The default is elinks links lynx.

              command
                     If it is set this style is used to pick the command  used
                     to   open   a   page  for  a  browser.   The  context  is
                     :mime:browser:new:$browser: to start  a  new  browser  or
                     :mime:browser:running:$browser:   to  open  a  URL  in  a
                     browser already running on the current X  display,  where
                     $browser  is  the  value  matched  in  the  x-browsers or
                     tty-browsers  style.   The  escape  sequence  %b  in  the
                     style's  value  will be replaced by the browser, while %u
                     will be replaced by the URL.  If the style  is  not  set,
                     the  default for all new instances is equivalent to %b %u
                     and the defaults for using running browsers  are  equiva-
                     lent  to  the  values kfmclient openURL %u for Konqueror,
                     firefox -new-tab %u for Firefox, opera  -newpage  %u  for
                     Opera, and %b -remote "openUrl(%u)" for all others.

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
       zcalc [ -erf ] [ expression ... ]
              A reasonably powerful calculator based on zsh's arithmetic eval-
              uation facility.  The syntax is similar to that of  formulae  in
              most  programming languages; see the section `Arithmetic Evalua-
              tion' in zshmisc(1) for details.

              Non-programmers should note that, as in many  other  programming
              languages,  expressions  involving  only  integers (whether con-
              stants without a `.', variables  containing  such  constants  as
              strings,  or  variables  declared to be integers) are by default
              evaluated using integer arithmetic, which is not how an ordinary
              desk  calculator  operates.   To force floating point operation,
              pass the option -f; see further notes below.

              If the file ~/.zcalcrc exists it  will  be  sourced  inside  the
              function  once  it  is  set  up and about to process the command
              line.  This can be used, for example, to set shell options; emu-
              late -L zsh and setopt extendedglob are in effect at this point.
              Any failure to source the file if it exists is treated as fatal.
              As  with  other  initialisation files, the directory $ZDOTDIR is
              used instead of $HOME if it is set.

              The mathematical library zsh/mathfunc will be loaded  if  it  is
              available;  see the section `The zsh/mathfunc Module' in zshmod-
              ules(1).  The mathematical functions correspond to the raw  sys-
              tem  libraries,  so  trigonometric functions are evaluated using
              radians, and so on.

              Each line typed is evaluated as an expression.  The prompt shows
              a  number, which corresponds to a positional parameter where the
              result of that calculation is stored.  For example,  the  result
              of the calculation on the line preceded by `4> ' is available as
              $4.  The last value calculated is available as ans.   Full  com-
              mand  line  editing,  including the history of previous calcula-
              tions,  is  available;  the  history  is  saved  in   the   file
              ~/.zcalc_history.   To  exit, enter a blank line or type `:q' on
              its own (`q' is allowed for historical compatibility).

              A line ending with a single backslash is  treated  in  the  same
              fashion  as it is in command line editing:  the backslash is re-
              moved, the function prompts for more input (the prompt  is  pre-
              ceded  by  `...'  to  indicate this), and the lines are combined
              into one to get the final result.  In addition, if the input  so
              far  contains more open than close parentheses zcalc will prompt
              for more input.

              If arguments are given to zcalc on start up, they  are  used  to
              prime  the first few positional parameters.  A visual indication
              of this is given when the calculator starts.

              The constants PI (3.14159...) and E (2.71828...)  are  provided.
              Parameter  assignment  is possible, but note that all parameters
              will be put into the global namespace unless the :local  special
              command  is  used.   The  function creates local variables whose
              names start with _, so users should avoid doing so.   The  vari-
              ables  ans  (the  last answer) and stack (the stack in RPN mode)
              may be referred to directly; stack is an array but  elements  of
              it  are  numeric.   Various other special variables are used lo-
              cally with their  standard  meaning,  for  example  compcontext,
              match, mbegin, mend, psvar.

              The  output  base  can  be  initialised  by  passing  the option
              `-#base', for example `zcalc -#16'  (the  `#'  may  have  to  be
              quoted, depending on the globbing options set).

              If  the option `-e' is set, the function runs non-interactively:
              the arguments are treated as expressions to be evaluated  as  if
              entered interactively line by line.

              If  the  option `-f' is set, all numbers are treated as floating
              point, hence for example the expression `3/4' evaluates to  0.75
              rather than 0.  Options must appear in separate words.

              If the option `-r' is set, RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) mode is
              entered.  This has various additional properties:
              Stack  Evaluated values are maintained in a stack; this is  con-
                     tained in an array named stack with the most recent value
                     in ${stack[1]}.

              Operators and functions
                     If the line entered matches an operator (+, -, *, /,  **,
                     ^, | or &) or a function supplied by the zsh/mathfunc li-
                     brary, the bottom element or elements of  the  stack  are
                     popped  to  use as the argument or arguments.  The higher
                     elements of stack (least recent) are used as earlier  ar-
                     guments.  The result is then pushed into ${stack[1]}.

              Expressions
                     Other  expressions  are  evaluated normally, printed, and
                     added to the stack as numeric values.  The syntax  within
                     expressions  on  a single line is normal shell arithmetic
                     (not RPN).

              Stack listing
                     If an integer follows the option -r with no  space,  then
                     on  every  evaluation  that  many  elements of the stack,
                     where available, are printed instead of just the most re-
                     cent   result.   Hence,  for  example,  zcalc  -r4  shows
                     $stack[4] to $stack[1] each time results are printed.

              Duplication: =
                     The pseudo-operator = causes the most recent  element  of
                     the stack to be duplicated onto the stack.

              pop    The pseudo-function pop causes the most recent element of
                     the stack to be popped.  A `>' on its own  has  the  same
                     effect.

              >ident The  expression  >  followed  (with  no space) by a shell
                     identifier causes the most recent element of the stack to
                     be  popped  and  assigned to the variable with that name.
                     The variable is local to the zcalc function.

              <ident The expression < followed (with  no  space)  by  a  shell
                     identifier  causes  the  value  of the variable with that
                     name to be pushed onto the stack.  ident may be an  inte-
                     ger,  in  which case the previous result with that number
                     (as shown before the > in the standard zcalc  prompt)  is
                     put on the stack.

              Exchange: xy
                     The  pseudo-function  xy  causes the most recent two ele-
                     ments of the stack to be exchanged.  `<>'  has  the  same
                     effect.

              The  prompt is configurable via the parameter ZCALCPROMPT, which
              undergoes standard prompt expansion.  The index of  the  current
              entry is stored locally in the first element of the array psvar,
              which can be referred to in ZCALCPROMPT as `%1v'.   The  default
              prompt is `%1v> '.

              The  variable ZCALC_ACTIVE is set within the function and can be
              tested by nested functions; it has the value rpn if RPN mode  is
              active, else 1.

              A  few special commands are available; these are introduced by a
              colon.  For backward compatibility, the colon may be omitted for
              certain  commands.  Completion is available if compinit has been
              run.

              The output precision may be specified within  zcalc  by  special
              commands familiar from many calculators.
              :norm  The  default output format.  It corresponds to the printf
                     %g specification.  Typically this shows six decimal  dig-
                     its.

              :sci digits
                     Scientific  notation, corresponding to the printf %g out-
                     put format with the precision given by digits.  This pro-
                     duces  either fixed point or exponential notation depend-
                     ing on the value output.

              :fix digits
                     Fixed point notation, corresponding to the printf %f out-
                     put format with the precision given by digits.

              :eng digits
                     Exponential notation, corresponding to the printf %E out-
                     put format with the precision given by digits.

              :raw   Raw output:  this is the default form of the output  from
                     a math evaluation.  This may show more precision than the
                     number actually possesses.

              Other special commands:
              :!line...
                     Execute line... as a normal  shell  command  line.   Note
                     that  it is executed in the context of the function, i.e.
                     with local variables.  Space is optional after :!.

              :local arg ...
                     Declare variables local to the function.  Other variables
                     may be used, too, but they will be taken from or put into
                     the global scope.

              :function name [ body ]
                     Define a mathematical function or (with no  body)  delete
                     it.   :function may be abbreviated to :func or simply :f.
                     The name may contain the same characters as a shell func-
                     tion  name.   The function is defined using zmathfuncdef,
                     see below.

                     Note that zcalc takes care of all quoting.  Hence for ex-
                     ample:

                            :f cube $1 * $1 * $1

                     defines  a function to cube the sole argument.  Functions
                     so defined, or indeed any functions defined  directly  or
                     indirectly  using  functions -M, are available to execute
                     by typing only the name on the line  in  RPN  mode;  this
                     pops the appropriate number of arguments off the stack to
                     pass to the function, i.e. 1 in the case of  the  example
                     cube  function.  If there are optional arguments only the
                     mandatory arguments are supplied by this means.

              [#base]
                     This is not a special  command,  rather  part  of  normal
                     arithmetic  syntax;  however, when this form appears on a
                     line by itself the default output radix is set  to  base.
                     Use,  for  example, `[#16]' to display hexadecimal output
                     preceded by an indication of the base, or  `[##16]'  just
                     to display the raw number in the given base.  Bases them-
                     selves are always specified in  decimal.  `[#]'  restores
                     the  normal  output  format.  Note that setting an output
                     base suppresses floating point output; use `[#]'  to  re-
                     turn to normal operation.

              $var   Print out the value of var literally; does not affect the
                     calculation.  To use the value of var, omit  the  leading
                     `$'.

              See the comments in the function for a few extra tips.

       min(arg, ...)
       max(arg, ...)
       sum(arg, ...)
       zmathfunc
              The  function zmathfunc defines the three mathematical functions
              min, max, and sum.  The functions min and max take one  or  more
              arguments.   The function sum takes zero or more arguments.  Ar-
              guments can be of different types (ints and floats).

              Not to be confused with the zsh/mathfunc  module,  described  in
              the section `The zsh/mathfunc Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zmathfuncdef [ mathfunc [ body ] ]
              A convenient front end to functions -M.

              With  two  arguments, define a mathematical function named math-
              func which can be used in any  form  of  arithmetic  evaluation.
              body is a mathematical expression to implement the function.  It
              may contain references to position parameters $1,  $2,  ...   to
              refer  to  mandatory parameters and ${1:-defvalue} ...  to refer
              to optional parameters.  Note that the forms  must  be  strictly
              adhered  to  for the function to calculate the correct number of
              arguments.  The implementation is held in a shell function named
              zsh_math_func_mathfunc;  usually the user will not need to refer
              to the shell function directly.  Any existing  function  of  the
              same name is silently replaced.

              With  one argument, remove the mathematical function mathfunc as
              well as the shell function implementation.

              With no arguments, list all mathfunc functions in a  form  suit-
              able  for restoring the definition.  The functions have not nec-
              essarily been defined by zmathfuncdef.

USER CONFIGURATION FUNCTIONS
       The zsh/newuser module comes with a  function  to  aid  in  configuring
       shell options for new users.  If the module is installed, this function
       can also be run by hand.  It is available even if the module's  default
       behaviour,  namely running the function for a new user logging in with-
       out startup files, is inhibited.

       zsh-newuser-install [ -f ]
              The function presents the user with  various  options  for  cus-
              tomizing  their initialization scripts.  Currently only ~/.zshrc
              is handled.  $ZDOTDIR/.zshrc is used instead  if  the  parameter
              ZDOTDIR  is set; this provides a way for the user to configure a
              file without altering an existing .zshrc.

              By default the function exits immediately if it finds any of the
              files  .zshenv, .zprofile, .zshrc, or .zlogin in the appropriate
              directory.  The option -f is required  in  order  to  force  the
              function  to  continue.  Note this may happen even if .zshrc it-
              self does not exist.

              As currently configured, the function will exit  immediately  if
              the  user has root privileges; this behaviour cannot be overrid-
              den.

              Once activated, the  function's  behaviour  is  supposed  to  be
              self-explanatory.   Menus are present allowing the user to alter
              the value of options and parameters.  Suggestions  for  improve-
              ments are always welcome.

              When the script exits, the user is given the opportunity to save
              the new file or not; changes are  not  irreversible  until  this
              point.   However,  the  script is careful to restrict changes to
              the file only to a group marked by the lines `# Lines configured
              by  zsh-newuser-install'  and  `#  End  of  lines  configured by
              zsh-newuser-install'.  In addition, the old version of .zshrc is
              saved to a file with the suffix .zni appended.

              If  the  function edits an existing .zshrc, it is up to the user
              to ensure that the changes made will take effect.  For  example,
              if  control  usually  returns early from the existing .zshrc the
              lines will not be executed; or a later initialization  file  may
              override  options or parameters, and so on.  The function itself
              does not attempt to detect any such conflicts.

OTHER FUNCTIONS
       There are a large number of helpful functions in the Functions/Misc di-
       rectory  of  the zsh distribution.  Most are very simple and do not re-
       quire documentation here, but a few are worthy of special mention.

   Descriptions
       colors This function initializes  several  associative  arrays  to  map
              color names to (and from) the ANSI standard eight-color terminal
              codes.  These are used by the prompt theme system  (see  above).
              You seldom should need to run colors more than once.

              The  eight base colors are: black, red, green, yellow, blue, ma-
              genta, cyan, and white.  Each of these has codes for  foreground
              and  background.   In  addition  there  are  seven intensity at-
              tributes: bold, faint, standout, underline, blink, reverse,  and
              conceal.   Finally,  there  are  seven  codes used to negate at-
              tributes: none (reset all attributes to  the  defaults),  normal
              (neither  bold  nor faint), no-standout, no-underline, no-blink,
              no-reverse, and no-conceal.

              Some terminals do not support all combinations of colors and in-
              tensities.

              The associative arrays are:

              color
              colour Map all the color names to their integer codes, and inte-
                     ger codes to the color names.  The eight base  names  map
                     to  the foreground color codes, as do names prefixed with
                     `fg-', such as `fg-red'.  Names prefixed with `bg-', such
                     as `bg-blue', refer to the background codes.  The reverse
                     mapping from code to color yields  base  name  for  fore-
                     ground codes and the bg- form for backgrounds.

                     Although  it  is  a misnomer to call them `colors', these
                     arrays also map the other fourteen attributes from  names
                     to codes and codes to names.

              fg
              fg_bold
              fg_no_bold
                     Map  the  eight basic color names to ANSI terminal escape
                     sequences that  set  the  corresponding  foreground  text
                     properties.   The  fg  sequences change the color without
                     changing the eight intensity attributes.

              bg
              bg_bold
              bg_no_bold
                     Map the eight basic color names to ANSI  terminal  escape
                     sequences  that  set the corresponding background proper-
                     ties.  The bg sequences change the color without changing
                     the eight intensity attributes.

              In  addition,  the  scalar parameters reset_color and bold_color
              are set to the ANSI terminal  escapes  that  turn  off  all  at-
              tributes and turn on bold intensity, respectively.

       fned [ -x num ] name
              Same  as  zed -f.  This function does not appear in the zsh dis-
              tribution, but can be created by linking zed to the name fned in
              some directory in your fpath.

       is-at-least needed [ present ]
              Perform  a  greater-than-or-equal-to  comparison  of two strings
              having the format of a zsh version number; that is, a string  of
              numbers  and text with segments separated by dots or dashes.  If
              the present string is not provided, $ZSH_VERSION is used.   Seg-
              ments  are  paired left-to-right in the two strings with leading
              non-number parts ignored.  If one string has fewer segments than
              the other, the missing segments are considered zero.

              This  is  useful in startup files to set options and other state
              that are not available in all versions of zsh.

                     is-at-least 3.1.6-15 && setopt NO_GLOBAL_RCS
                     is-at-least 3.1.0 && setopt HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS
                     is-at-least 2.6-17 || print "You can't use is-at-least here."

       nslookup [ arg ... ]
              This wrapper function for  the  nslookup  command  requires  the
              zsh/zpty  module  (see  zshmodules(1)).  It behaves exactly like
              the standard  nslookup  except  that  it  provides  customizable
              prompts  (including  a  right-side  prompt)  and  completion  of
              nslookup commands, host  names,  etc.  (if  you  use  the  func-
              tion-based  completion  system).   Completion  styles may be set
              with the context prefix `:completion:nslookup'.

              See also the pager, prompt and rprompt styles below.

       regexp-replace var regexp replace
              Use regular expressions to perform a global search  and  replace
              operation on a variable.  POSIX extended regular expressions are
              used, unless the option RE_MATCH_PCRE has  been  set,  in  which
              case Perl-compatible regular expressions are used (this requires
              the shell to be linked against the pcre library).

              var is the name of the variable  containing  the  string  to  be
              matched.   The  variable  will be modified directly by the func-
              tion.  The variables MATCH, MBEGIN, MEND,  match,  mbegin,  mend
              should  be  avoided  as these are used by the regular expression
              code.

              regexp is the regular expression to match against the string.

              replace is the replacement text.  This  can  contain  parameter,
              command  and  arithmetic expressions which will be replaced:  in
              particular, a reference to $MATCH will be replaced by  the  text
              matched by the pattern.

              The return status is 0 if at least one match was performed, else
              1.

       run-help cmd
              This function is designed to be invoked by the run-help ZLE wid-
              get,  in  place  of  the  default alias.  See `Accessing On-Line
              Help' above for setup instructions.

              In the discussion which follows, if cmd is a file  system  path,
              it is first reduced to its rightmost component (the file name).

              Help  is first sought by looking for a file named cmd in the di-
              rectory named by the HELPDIR parameter.  If no file is found, an
              assistant  function,  alias,  or  command  named run-help-cmd is
              sought.  If found, the assistant is executed with  the  rest  of
              the current command line (everything after the command name cmd)
              as its arguments.  When neither file nor assistant is found, the
              external command `man cmd' is run.

              An example assistant for the "ssh" command:

                     run-help-ssh() {
                         emulate -LR zsh
                         local -a args
                         # Delete the "-l username" option
                         zparseopts -D -E -a args l:
                         # Delete other options, leaving: host command
                         args=(${@:#-*})
                         if [[ ${#args} -lt 2 ]]; then
                             man ssh
                         else
                             run-help $args[2]
                         fi
                     }

              Several  of  these assistants are provided in the Functions/Misc
              directory.  These must be autoloaded, or  placed  as  executable
              scripts  in  your  search path, in order to be found and used by
              run-help.

              run-help-git
              run-help-ip
              run-help-openssl
              run-help-p4
              run-help-sudo
              run-help-svk
              run-help-svn
                     Assistant functions for the git, ip, openssl,  p4,  sudo,
                     svk, and svn, commands.

       tetris Zsh  was once accused of not being as complete as Emacs, because
              it lacked a Tetris game.  This function was  written  to  refute
              this vicious slander.

              This function must be used as a ZLE widget:

                     autoload -U tetris
                     zle -N tetris
                     bindkey keys tetris

              To  start  a game, execute the widget by typing the keys.  What-
              ever command line you were editing disappears  temporarily,  and
              your  keymap  is also temporarily replaced by the Tetris control
              keys.  The previous editor state is restored when you  quit  the
              game (by pressing `q') or when you lose.

              If  you quit in the middle of a game, the next invocation of the
              tetris widget will continue where you left off.  If you lost, it
              will start a new game.

       tetriscurses
              This  is  a port of the above to zcurses.  The input handling is
              improved a bit so that moving a block sideways doesn't automati-
              cally  advance  a  timestep,  and the graphics use unicode block
              graphics.

              This version does not save the game state  between  invocations,
              and is not invoked as a widget, but rather as:

                     autoload -U tetriscurses
                     tetriscurses

       zargs [ option ... -- ] [ input ... ] [ -- command [ arg ... ] ]
              This  function  has  a similar purpose to GNU xargs.  Instead of
              reading lines of arguments from the  standard  input,  it  takes
              them  from  the command line.  This is useful because zsh, espe-
              cially with recursive glob operators, often can construct a com-
              mand  line  for  a shell function that is longer than can be ac-
              cepted by an external command.

              The option list represents options of the zargs command  itself,
              which  are  the  same  as those of xargs.  The input list is the
              collection of strings (often file names) that become  the  argu-
              ments  of the command, analogous to the standard input of xargs.
              Finally, the arg list consists of those arguments  (usually  op-
              tions)  that  are  passed to the command each time it runs.  The
              arg list precedes the elements from the input list in each  run.
              If no command is provided, then no arg list may be provided, and
              in that event the default command is `print' with arguments  `-r
              --'.

              For  example,  to  get a long ls listing of all non-hidden plain
              files in the current directory or its subdirectories:

                     autoload -U zargs
                     zargs -- **/*(.) -- ls -ld --

              The first and third occurrences of `--' are used to mark the end
              of  options for zargs and ls respectively to guard against file-
              names starting with `-', while the second is  used  to  separate
              the list of files from the command to run (`ls -ld --').

              The  first  `--'  would also be needed if there was a chance the
              list might be empty as in:

                     zargs -r -- ./*.back(#qN) -- rm -f

              In the event that the string `--' is or may be an input, the  -e
              option  may  be  used  to change the end-of-inputs marker.  Note
              that this does not change the end-of-options marker.  For  exam-
              ple, to use `..' as the marker:

                     zargs -e.. -- **/*(.) .. ls -ld --

              This  is a good choice in that example because no plain file can
              be named `..', but the best end-marker depends  on  the  circum-
              stances.

              The  options  -i,  -I, -l, -L, and -n differ slightly from their
              usage in xargs.  There are no input lines for zargs to count, so
              -l and -L count through the input list, and -n counts the number
              of arguments passed to each execution of command, including  any
              arg  list.   Also, any time -i or -I is used, each input is pro-
              cessed separately as if by `-L 1'.

              For details of the other zargs options, see xargs(1)  (but  note
              the difference in function between zargs and xargs) or run zargs
              with the --help option.

       zed [ -f [ -x num ] ] name
       zed -b This function uses the ZLE editor to edit a file or function.

              Only one name argument is allowed.  If the -f option  is  given,
              the  name  is taken to be that of a function; if the function is
              marked for autoloading, zed searches for it  in  the  fpath  and
              loads  it.   Note  that  functions edited this way are installed
              into the current shell, but not written  back  to  the  autoload
              file.   In  this  case the -x option specifies that leading tabs
              indenting the function according to syntax should  be  converted
              into  the  given number of spaces; `-x 2' is consistent with the
              layout of functions distributed with the shell.

              Without -f, name is the path name of the  file  to  edit,  which
              need not exist; it is created on write, if necessary.

              While  editing, the function sets the main keymap to zed and the
              vi command keymap to zed-vicmd.  These will be copied  from  the
              existing  main  and vicmd keymaps if they do not exist the first
              time zed is run.  They can be used to provide special key  bind-
              ings used only in zed.

              If it creates the keymap, zed rebinds the return key to insert a
              line break and `^X^W' to accept the edit in the zed keymap,  and
              binds `ZZ' to accept the edit in the zed-vicmd keymap.

              The  bindings  alone can be installed by running `zed -b'.  This
              is suitable for putting into a startup file.  Note that, if  re-
              run, this will overwrite the existing zed and zed-vicmd keymaps.

              Completion  is available, and styles may be set with the context
              prefix `:completion:zed'.

              A zle widget zed-set-file-name is available.  This can be called
              by  name  from  within  zed using `\ex zed-set-file-name' (note,
              however, that because of zed's rebindings you will have to  type
              ^j  at  the end instead of the return key), or can be bound to a
              key in either of the zed or zed-vicmd keymaps after `zed -b' has
              been  run.  When the widget is called, it prompts for a new name
              for the file being edited.  When zed  exits  the  file  will  be
              written  under  that  name  and  the  original file will be left
              alone.  The widget has no effect with `zed -f'.

              While zed-set-file-name is running, zed uses the keymap zed-nor-
              mal-keymap,  which  is  linked from the main keymap in effect at
              the time zed initialised its bindings.  (This is to make the re-
              turn  key  operate  normally.)   The  result is that if the main
              keymap has been changed, the widget won't notice.  This is not a
              concern for most users.

       zcp [ -finqQvwW ] srcpat dest
       zln [ -finqQsvwW ] srcpat dest
              Same as zmv -C and zmv -L, respectively.  These functions do not
              appear in the zsh distribution, but can be  created  by  linking
              zmv to the names zcp and zln in some directory in your fpath.

       zkbd   See `Keyboard Definition' above.

       zmv [ -finqQsvwW ] [ -C | -L | -M | -{p|P} program ] [ -o optstring ]
           srcpat dest
              Move (usually, rename) files matching the pattern srcpat to cor-
              responding files having names of the form given by  dest,  where
              srcpat  contains  parentheses surrounding patterns which will be
              replaced in turn by $1, $2, ... in dest.  For example,

                     zmv '(*).lis' '$1.txt'

              renames   `foo.lis'   to   `foo.txt',   `my.old.stuff.lis'    to
              `my.old.stuff.txt', and so on.

              The  pattern is always treated as an EXTENDED_GLOB pattern.  Any
              file whose name is not changed by the substitution is simply ig-
              nored.   Any  error (a substitution resulted in an empty string,
              two substitutions gave the same result, the destination  was  an
              existing  regular  file  and -f was not given) causes the entire
              function to abort without doing anything.

              In addition to pattern replacement, the variable $f can  be  re-
              ferrred  to in the second (replacement) argument.  This makes it
              possible to use variable substitution to alter the argument; see
              examples below.

              Options:

              -f     Force  overwriting  of  destination files.  Not currently
                     passed down to the mv/cp/ln command due  to  vagaries  of
                     implementations (but you can use -o-f to do that).
              -i     Interactive:  show  each  line to be executed and ask the
                     user whether to execute it.  `Y' or `y' will execute  it,
                     anything  else  will skip it.  Note that you just need to
                     type one character.
              -n     No execution: print what would happen, but don't do it.
              -q     Turn bare glob qualifiers off: now assumed by default, so
                     this has no effect.
              -Q     Force bare glob qualifiers on.  Don't turn this on unless
                     you are actually using glob qualifiers in a pattern.
              -s     Symbolic, passed down to ln; only works with -L.
              -v     Verbose: print each command as it's being executed.
              -w     Pick out wildcard parts  of  the  pattern,  as  described
                     above,  and  implicitly  add parentheses for referring to
                     them.
              -W     Just like -w, with the addition of turning  wildcards  in
                     the replacement pattern into sequential ${1} .. ${N} ref-
                     erences.
              -C
              -L
              -M     Force cp, ln or mv, respectively, regardless of the  name
                     of the function.
              -p program
                     Call  program instead of cp, ln or mv.  Whatever it does,
                     it should at least understand the form `program  --  old-
                     name  newname'  where  oldname  and newname are filenames
                     generated by zmv.  program will be split into  words,  so
                     might  be e.g. the name of an archive tool plus a copy or
                     rename subcommand.
              -P program
                     As -p program, except that program does not accept a fol-
                     lowing  --  to indicate the end of options.  In this case
                     filenames must already be in a sane form for the  program
                     in question.
              -o optstring
                     The  optstring is split into words and passed down verba-
                     tim to the cp, ln or mv command  called  to  perform  the
                     work.  It should probably begin with a `-'.

              Further examples:

                     zmv -v '(* *)' '${1// /_}'

              For any file in the current directory with at least one space in
              the name, replace every space by an underscore and  display  the
              commands executed.

                     zmv -v '* *' '${f// /_}'

              This  does exactly the same by referring to the file name stored
              in $f.

              For more complete examples and other implementation details, see
              the  zmv  source file, usually located in one of the directories
              named in your fpath, or in Functions/Misc/zmv in the zsh distri-
              bution.

       zrecompile
              See `Recompiling Functions' above.

       zstyle+ context style value [ + subcontext style value ... ]
              This  makes  defining styles a bit simpler by using a single `+'
              as a special token that allows you to append a context  name  to
              the previously used context name.  Like this:

                     zstyle+ ':foo:bar' style1 value1 \
                            +':baz'     style2 value2 \
                            +':frob'    style3 value3

              This  defines  style1  with  value1  for the context :foo:bar as
              usual, but it also defines style2 with value2  for  the  context
              :foo:bar:baz and style3 with value3 for :foo:bar:frob.  Any sub-
              context may be the empty string to re-use the first context  un-
              changed.

   Styles
       insert-tab
              The  zed function sets this style in context `:completion:zed:*'
              to turn off completion when TAB is typed at the beginning  of  a
              line.   You may override this by setting your own value for this
              context and style.

       pager  The nslookup  function  looks  up  this  style  in  the  context
              `:nslookup' to determine the program used to display output that
              does not fit on a single screen.

       prompt
       rprompt
              The nslookup  function  looks  up  this  style  in  the  context
              `:nslookup' to set the prompt and the right-side prompt, respec-
              tively.  The usual expansions for the PS1  and  RPS1  parameters
              may be used (see EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in zshmisc(1)).

zsh 5.8                        February 14, 2020                 ZSHCONTRIB(1)

NAME | DESCRIPTION | UTILITIES | REMEMBERING RECENT DIRECTORIES | ABBREVIATED DYNAMIC REFERENCES TO DIRECTORIES | GATHERING INFORMATION FROM VERSION CONTROL SYSTEMS | PROMPT THEMES | ZLE FUNCTIONS | EXCEPTION HANDLING | MIME FUNCTIONS | MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS | USER CONFIGURATION FUNCTIONS | OTHER FUNCTIONS