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ZSHBUILTINS(1)              General Commands Manual             ZSHBUILTINS(1)

NAME
       zshbuiltins - zsh built-in commands

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
       Some shell builtin commands take options as described in individual en-
       tries; these are often referred to in the  list  below  as  `flags'  to
       avoid  confusion  with  shell options, which may also have an effect on
       the behaviour of builtin commands.  In this introductory section,  `op-
       tion'  always  has the meaning of an option to a command that should be
       familiar to most command line users.

       Typically, options are single letters preceded by a  hyphen  (-).   Op-
       tions  that take an argument accept it either immediately following the
       option letter or after white space, for example `print -C3  {1..9}'  or
       `print  -C  3 {1..9}' are equivalent.  Arguments to options are not the
       same as arguments to the command; the documentation indicates which  is
       which.   Options that do not take an argument may be combined in a sin-
       gle word, for example `print -rca -- *' and `print -r -c -a --  *'  are
       equivalent.

       Some  shell  builtin commands also take options that begin with `+' in-
       stead of `-'.  The list below makes clear which commands these are.

       Options (together with their individual arguments, if any) must  appear
       in  a  group before any non-option arguments; once the first non-option
       argument has been found, option processing is terminated.

       All builtin commands other than `echo' and precommand  modifiers,  even
       those that have no options, can be given the argument `--' to terminate
       option processing.  This indicates that the following words are non-op-
       tion  arguments,  but  is  otherwise  ignored.  This is useful in cases
       where arguments to the command may begin with `-'.  For historical rea-
       sons,  most builtin commands (including `echo') also recognize a single
       `-' in a separate word for this purpose; note that this is  less  stan-
       dard and use of `--' is recommended.

       - simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       . file [ arg ... ]
              Read  commands  from  file and execute them in the current shell
              environment.

              If file does not contain a slash, or if PATH_DIRS  is  set,  the
              shell  looks  in  the  components of $path to find the directory
              containing file.  Files in the current directory  are  not  read
              unless  `.'  appears  somewhere  in  $path.   If  a  file  named
              `file.zwc' is found, is newer than file,  and  is  the  compiled
              form  (created with the zcompile builtin) of file, then commands
              are read from that file instead of file.

              If any arguments arg are given, they become the  positional  pa-
              rameters;  the  old  positional parameters are restored when the
              file is done executing.  However, if no arguments are given, the
              positional  parameters  remain those of the calling context, and
              no restoring is done.

              If file was not found the return status  is  127;  if  file  was
              found  but  contained  a  syntax error the return status is 126;
              else the return status is the exit status of  the  last  command
              executed.

       : [ arg ... ]
              This  command  does nothing, although normal argument expansions
              is performed which may have effects on shell parameters.  A zero
              exit status is returned.

       alias [ {+|-}gmrsL ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              For  each  name with a corresponding value, define an alias with
              that value.  A trailing space in value causes the next  word  to
              be  checked for alias expansion.  If the -g flag is present, de-
              fine a global alias; global aliases are expanded even if they do
              not occur in command position.

              If the -s flag is present, define a suffix alias: if the command
              word on a command line is in the form `text.name', where text is
              any  non-empty  string,  it  is  replaced  by  the  text  `value
              text.name'.  Note that name is treated as a literal string,  not
              a  pattern.   A  trailing  space in value is not special in this
              case.  For example,

                     alias -s ps='gv --'

              will cause the command `*.ps' to be expanded to  `gv  --  *.ps'.
              As  alias  expansion  is  carried out earlier than globbing, the
              `*.ps' will then be expanded.  Suffix aliases constitute a  dif-
              ferent name space from other aliases (so in the above example it
              is still possible to create an alias for the command ps) and the
              two sets are never listed together.

              For  each  name  with no value, print the value of name, if any.
              With no arguments, print all  currently  defined  aliases  other
              than  suffix aliases.  If the -m flag is given the arguments are
              taken as patterns (they should be quoted to preserve  them  from
              being  interpreted  as  glob patterns), and the aliases matching
              these patterns are printed.  When printing aliases  and  one  of
              the  -g,  -r  or  -s  flags is present, restrict the printing to
              global, regular or suffix aliases, respectively; a regular alias
              is one which is neither a global nor a suffix alias.   Using `+'
              instead of `-', or ending the option list  with  a  single  `+',
              prevents the values of the aliases from being printed.

              If  the  -L  flag  is present, then print each alias in a manner
              suitable for putting in a startup script.  The  exit  status  is
              nonzero  if  a  name (with no value) is given for which no alias
              has been defined.

              For more on aliases, include common problems,  see  the  section
              ALIASING in zshmisc(1).

       autoload [ {+|-}RTUXdkmrtWz ] [ -w ] [ name ... ]
              See  the  section `Autoloading Functions' in zshmisc(1) for full
              details.  The fpath parameter will be searched to find the func-
              tion definition when the function is first referenced.

              If name consists of an absolute path, the function is defined to
              load from the file given (searching as usual for dump  files  in
              the  given  location).  The name of the function is the basename
              (non-directory part) of the file.  It is normally  an  error  if
              the function is not found in the given location; however, if the
              option -d is given,  searching  for  the  function  defaults  to
              $fpath.  If a function is loaded by absolute path, any functions
              loaded from it that are marked for autoload without an  absolute
              path  have  the  load  path  of  the parent function temporarily
              prepended to $fpath.

              If the option -r or -R is given, the function  is  searched  for
              immediately and the location is recorded internally for use when
              the function is executed; a relative path is expanded using  the
              value  of  $PWD.  This protects against a change to $fpath after
              the call to autoload.  With -r, if the function is not found, it
              is  silently  left unresolved until execution; with -R, an error
              message is printed and command  processing  aborted  immediately
              the  search  fails,  i.e. at the autoload command rather than at
              function execution..

              The flag -X may be used only inside a shell function.  It causes
              the calling function to be marked for autoloading and then imme-
              diately loaded and executed, with the  current  array  of  posi-
              tional parameters as arguments.  This replaces the previous def-
              inition of the function.  If no function definition is found, an
              error  is  printed and the function remains undefined and marked
              for autoloading.  If an argument is given, it is used as  a  di-
              rectory  (i.e.  it does not include the name of the function) in
              which the function is to be found; this may be combined with the
              -d  option  to allow the function search to default to $fpath if
              it is not in the given location.

              The flag +X attempts to load each name as  an  autoloaded  func-
              tion,  but  does  not execute it.  The exit status is zero (suc-
              cess) if the function was not previously defined and  a  defini-
              tion for it was found.  This does not replace any existing defi-
              nition of the function.  The exit status is nonzero (failure) if
              the  function  was  already  defined  or  when no definition was
              found.  In the latter case the function  remains  undefined  and
              marked  for  autoloading.   If ksh-style autoloading is enabled,
              the function created will contain the contents of the file  plus
              a call to the function itself appended to it, thus giving normal
              ksh autoloading behaviour on the first call to the function.  If
              the  -m flag is also given each name is treated as a pattern and
              all functions already marked for autoload that match the pattern
              are loaded.

              With  the  -t  flag, turn on execution tracing; with -T, turn on
              execution tracing only for the current function, turning it  off
              on  entry  to any called functions that do not also have tracing
              enabled.

              With the -U flag, alias expansion is suppressed when  the  func-
              tion is loaded.

              With the -w flag, the names are taken as names of files compiled
              with the zcompile builtin, and all functions defined in them are
              marked for autoloading.

              The flags -z and -k mark the function to be autoloaded using the
              zsh or ksh style, as if the option KSH_AUTOLOAD  were  unset  or
              were  set,  respectively.  The flags override the setting of the
              option at the time the function is loaded.

              Note that the autoload command makes no attempt  to  ensure  the
              shell  options  set  during the loading or execution of the file
              have any particular value.  For this, the emulate command can be
              used:

                     emulate zsh -c 'autoload -Uz func'

              arranges that when func is loaded the shell is in native zsh em-
              ulation, and this emulation is also applied when func is run.

              Some of the functions of autoload are also provided by functions
              -u  or functions -U, but autoload is a more comprehensive inter-
              face.

       bg [ job ... ]
       job ... &
              Put each specified job in the background, or the current job  if
              none is specified.

       bindkey
              See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       break [ n ]
              Exit from an enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat loop.
              If an arithmetic expression n is specified, then break n  levels
              instead of just one.

       builtin name [ args ... ]
              Executes the builtin name, with the given args.

       bye    Same as exit.

       cap    See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       cd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       cd [ -qsLP ] old new
       cd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change  the  current  directory.   In the first form, change the
              current directory to arg, or to the value of $HOME if arg is not
              specified.  If arg is `-', change to the previous directory.

              Otherwise,  if arg begins with a slash, attempt to change to the
              directory given by arg.

              If arg does not begin with a slash,  the  behaviour  depends  on
              whether the current directory `.' occurs in the list of directo-
              ries contained in the shell parameter cdpath.  If it  does  not,
              first  attempt  to change to the directory arg under the current
              directory, and if that fails but cdpath is set and  contains  at
              least  one  element attempt to change to the directory arg under
              each component of cdpath in turn until successful.  If  `.'  oc-
              curs  in  cdpath,  then  cdpath is searched strictly in order so
              that `.' is only tried at the appropriate point.

              The order of testing cdpath is modified if the  option  POSIX_CD
              is set, as described in the documentation for the option.

              If  no  directory is found, the option CDABLE_VARS is set, and a
              parameter named arg exists whose  value  begins  with  a  slash,
              treat  its  value as the directory.  In that case, the parameter
              is added to the named directory hash table.

              The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the  string
              old in the name of the current directory, and tries to change to
              this new directory.

              The third form of cd extracts an entry from the directory stack,
              and  changes  to  that  directory.  An argument of the form `+n'
              identifies a stack entry by counting from the left of  the  list
              shown  by  the dirs command, starting with zero.  An argument of
              the form `-n' counts from the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS  option
              is set, the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.
              If the POSIX_CD option is set, this form of cd is not recognised
              and will be interpreted as the first form.

              If  the  -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd
              and the functions in the array chpwd_functions are  not  called.
              This  is  useful for calls to cd that do not change the environ-
              ment seen by an interactive user.

              If the -s option is specified, cd refuses to change the  current
              directory  if  the  given pathname contains symlinks.  If the -P
              option is given or the CHASE_LINKS option is set, symbolic links
              are  resolved  to  their true values.  If the -L option is given
              symbolic links are retained in the directory (and not  resolved)
              regardless of the state of the CHASE_LINKS option.

       chdir  Same as cd.

       clone  See the section `The zsh/clone Module' in zshmodules(1).

       command [ -pvV ] simple command
              The  simple command argument is taken as an external command in-
              stead  of  a  function  or  builtin  and  is  executed.  If  the
              POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, builtins will also be executed but
              certain special properties of them are suppressed. The  -p  flag
              causes  a  default path to be searched instead of that in $path.
              With the -v flag, command is similar to whence and with  -V,  it
              is equivalent to whence -v.

              See also the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       comparguments
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compcall
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compctl
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compdescribe
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compfiles
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compgroups
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compquote
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptags
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptry
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compvalues
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       continue [ n ]
              Resume  the  next  iteration of the enclosing for, while, until,
              select or repeat loop. If an arithmetic expression n  is  speci-
              fied,  break  out  of  n-1 loops and resume at the nth enclosing
              loop.

       declare
              Same as typeset.

       dirs [ -c ] [ arg ... ]
       dirs [ -lpv ]
              With no arguments, print the contents of  the  directory  stack.
              Directories  are added to this stack with the pushd command, and
              removed with the cd or popd commands.  If arguments  are  speci-
              fied,  load  them  onto  the directory stack, replacing anything
              that was there, and push the current directory onto the stack.

              -c     clear the directory stack.

              -l     print directory names in full instead of using of using ~
                     expressions  (see Dynamic and Static named directories in
                     zshexpn(1)).

              -p     print directory entries one per line.

              -v     number the directories in the stack when printing.

       disable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Temporarily disable the named hash table elements  or  patterns.
              The  default is to disable builtin commands.  This allows you to
              use an external command with the same name as a builtin command.
              The  -a  option  causes  disable  to  act  on  regular or global
              aliases.  The -s option causes disable to act on suffix aliases.
              The  -f option causes disable to act on shell functions.  The -r
              options causes disable to act on reserved words.  Without  argu-
              ments  all  disabled  hash table elements from the corresponding
              hash table are printed.  With the  -m  flag  the  arguments  are
              taken  as  patterns (which should be quoted to prevent them from
              undergoing filename expansion), and all hash table elements from
              the  corresponding  hash  table matching these patterns are dis-
              abled.  Disabled objects can be enabled with the enable command.

              With the option -p, name ... refer to elements  of  the  shell's
              pattern  syntax  as  described  in the section `Filename Genera-
              tion'.  Certain elements can be disabled  separately,  as  given
              below.

              Note  that  patterns not allowed by the current settings for the
              options EXTENDED_GLOB, KSH_GLOB and SH_GLOB are  never  enabled,
              regardless  of  the setting here.  For example, if EXTENDED_GLOB
              is not active, the pattern ^ is ineffective even if `disable  -p
              "^"'  has  not been issued.  The list below indicates any option
              settings that restrict the use of the  pattern.   It  should  be
              noted  that  setting SH_GLOB has a wider effect than merely dis-
              abling patterns as certain expressions, in particular those  in-
              volving parentheses, are parsed differently.

              The  following  patterns  may  be disabled; all the strings need
              quoting on the command line to prevent them  from  being  inter-
              preted  immediately as patterns and the patterns are shown below
              in single quotes as a reminder.

              '?'    The pattern character ?  wherever  it  occurs,  including
                     when preceding a parenthesis with KSH_GLOB.

              '*'    The pattern character * wherever it occurs, including re-
                     cursive globbing and when preceding  a  parenthesis  with
                     KSH_GLOB.

              '['    Character classes.

              '<' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Numeric ranges.

              '|' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Alternation  in  grouped  patterns,  case  statements, or
                     KSH_GLOB parenthesised expressions.

              '(' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Grouping using single parentheses.  Disabling  this  does
                     not  disable  the  use  of parentheses for KSH_GLOB where
                     they are introduced by a special character, nor for  glob
                     qualifiers  (use  `setopt  NO_BARE_GLOB_QUAL'  to disable
                     glob qualifiers that use parentheses only).

              '~' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A~B.

              '^' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A^B.

              '#' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     The pattern character # wherever it occurs, both for rep-
                     etition of a previous pattern and for indicating globbing
                     flags.

              '?(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form ?(...).  Note this is also disabled  if
                     '?' is disabled.

              '*(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The  grouping form *(...).  Note this is also disabled if
                     '*' is disabled.

              '+(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form +(...).

              '!(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form !(...).

              '@(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form @(...).

       disown [ job ... ]
       job ... &|
       job ... &!
              Remove the specified jobs from the job table; the shell will  no
              longer  report their status, and will not complain if you try to
              exit an interactive shell with them running or stopped.   If  no
              job is specified, disown the current job.

              If  the  jobs are currently stopped and the AUTO_CONTINUE option
              is not set, a warning is printed  containing  information  about
              how  to make them running after they have been disowned.  If one
              of the latter two forms is used, the jobs will automatically  be
              made  running,  independent  of the setting of the AUTO_CONTINUE
              option.

       echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
              Write each arg on the standard output, with a  space  separating
              each one.  If the -n flag is not present, print a newline at the
              end.  echo recognizes the following escape sequences:

              \a     bell character
              \b     backspace
              \c     suppress subsequent characters and final newline
              \e     escape
              \f     form feed
              \n     linefeed (newline)
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \0NNN  character code in octal
              \xNN   character code in hexadecimal
              \uNNNN unicode character code in hexadecimal
              \UNNNNNNNN
                     unicode character code in hexadecimal

              The -E flag, or the BSD_ECHO option,  can  be  used  to  disable
              these escape sequences.  In the latter case, -e flag can be used
              to enable them.

              Note that for standards compliance a double dash does not termi-
              nate  option  processing; instead, it is printed directly.  How-
              ever, a single dash does terminate  option  processing,  so  the
              first  dash, possibly following options, is not printed, but ev-
              erything following it is printed as  an  argument.   The  single
              dash  behaviour is different from other shells.  For a more por-
              table way of printing text, see printf, and for a more  control-
              lable way of printing text within zsh, see print.

       echotc See the section `The zsh/termcap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       echoti See the section `The zsh/terminfo Module' in zshmodules(1).

       emulate [ -lLR ] [ {zsh|sh|ksh|csh} [ flags ... ] ]
              Without any argument print current emulation mode.

              With single argument set up zsh options to emulate the specified
              shell as much as possible.  csh will never  be  fully  emulated.
              If  the argument is not one of the shells listed above, zsh will
              be used as a default; more precisely, the tests performed on the
              argument  are  the same as those used to determine the emulation
              at startup based on the shell name, see the section  COMPATIBIL-
              ITY  in zsh(1) .  In addition to setting shell options, the com-
              mand also restores the pristine state of pattern enables, as  if
              all patterns had been enabled using enable -p.

              If  the  emulate  command occurs inside a function that has been
              marked for execution tracing with functions -t then  the  xtrace
              option  will  be turned on regardless of emulation mode or other
              options.  Note that code executed inside the function by the  .,
              source,  or  eval  commands  is not considered to be running di-
              rectly from the function, hence does not provoke this behaviour.

              If the -R switch is given, all settable  options  are  reset  to
              their  default  value  corresponding  to the specified emulation
              mode, except for certain options describing the interactive  en-
              vironment;  otherwise, only those options likely to cause porta-
              bility problems in scripts and functions are altered.  If the -L
              switch  is  given, the options LOCAL_OPTIONS, LOCAL_PATTERNS and
              LOCAL_TRAPS will be set as well, causing the effects of the emu-
              late  command  and any setopt, disable -p or enable -p, and trap
              commands to be local to the immediately surrounding shell  func-
              tion,  if any; normally these options are turned off in all emu-
              lation modes except ksh. The -L  switch  is  mutually  exclusive
              with the use of -c in flags.

              If  there  is  a single argument and the -l switch is given, the
              options that would be set or unset (the  latter  indicated  with
              the  prefix  `no') are listed.  -l can be combined with -L or -R
              and the list will be modified in the appropriate way.  Note  the
              list  does not depend on the current setting of options, i.e. it
              includes all options that may  in  principle  change,  not  just
              those that would actually change.

              The  flags  may be any of the invocation-time flags described in
              the section INVOCATION in zsh(1), except that `-o EMACS' and `-o
              VI'  may not be used.  Flags such as `+r'/`+o RESTRICTED' may be
              prohibited in some circumstances.

              If -c arg appears in flags, arg is evaluated while the requested
              emulation  is temporarily in effect.  In this case the emulation
              mode and all options are restored to their previous  values  be-
              fore emulate returns.  The -R switch may precede the name of the
              shell to emulate; note this has a meaning distinct from  includ-
              ing -R in flags.

              Use  of -c enables `sticky' emulation mode for functions defined
              within the evaluated expression:  the emulation mode is  associ-
              ated  thereafter with the function so that whenever the function
              is executed the emulation (respecting the -R switch, if present)
              and  all  options  are set (and pattern disables cleared) before
              entry to the function, and the state is restored after exit.  If
              the  function  is called when the sticky emulation is already in
              effect, either within an `emulate shell -c' expression or within
              another  function with the same sticky emulation, entry and exit
              from the function do not cause options to be altered (except due
              to  standard processing such as the LOCAL_OPTIONS option).  This
              also applies to functions marked for autoload within the  sticky
              emulation; the appropriate set of options will be applied at the
              point the function is loaded as well as when it is run.

              For example:

                     emulate sh -c 'fni() { setopt cshnullglob; }
                     fno() { fni; }'
                     fno

              The two functions fni and fno are defined with sticky sh  emula-
              tion.  fno is then executed, causing options associated with em-
              ulations to be set to their values in sh.  fno then  calls  fni;
              because  fni  is  also marked for sticky sh emulation, no option
              changes take place on entry to or exit from it.  Hence  the  op-
              tion  cshnullglob, turned off by sh emulation, will be turned on
              within fni and remain on return to fno.  On exit from  fno,  the
              emulation  mode  and  all  options will be restored to the state
              they were in before entry to the temporary emulation.

              The documentation above is typically sufficient for the intended
              purpose  of  executing code designed for other shells in a suit-
              able environment.  More detailed rules follow.
              1.     The sticky emulation  environment  provided  by  `emulate
                     shell  -c'  is  identical  to that provided by entry to a
                     function marked for sticky emulation as a consequence  of
                     being  defined  in such an environment.  Hence, for exam-
                     ple, the sticky emulation is  inherited  by  subfunctions
                     defined within functions with sticky emulation.
              2.     No change of options takes place on entry to or exit from
                     functions that are not marked for sticky emulation, other
                     than  those that would normally take place, even if those
                     functions are called within sticky emulation.
              3.     No special handling is provided for functions marked  for
                     autoload nor for functions present in wordcode created by
                     the zcompile command.
              4.     The presence or absence of the -R switch to emulate  cor-
                     responds  to different sticky emulation modes, so for ex-
                     ample `emulate sh -c', `emulate -R sh  -c'  and  `emulate
                     csh -c' are treated as three distinct sticky emulations.
              5.     Difference  in  shell options supplied in addition to the
                     basic emulation also mean the sticky emulations are  dif-
                     ferent,  so for example `emulate zsh -c' and `emulate zsh
                     -o cbases -c' are treated as distinct sticky emulations.

       enable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Enable the named hash table elements, presumably  disabled  ear-
              lier  with  disable.  The default is to enable builtin commands.
              The -a option causes enable to act on regular or global aliases.
              The  -s  option  causes enable to act on suffix aliases.  The -f
              option causes enable to act on shell functions.  The  -r  option
              causes  enable  to act on reserved words.  Without arguments all
              enabled hash table elements from the  corresponding  hash  table
              are  printed.   With the -m flag the arguments are taken as pat-
              terns (should be quoted) and all hash table  elements  from  the
              corresponding  hash  table  matching these patterns are enabled.
              Enabled objects can be disabled with the  disable  builtin  com-
              mand.

              enable  -p  reenables  patterns  disabled with disable -p.  Note
              that it does not override globbing options; for example, `enable
              -p  "~"' does not cause the pattern character ~ to be active un-
              less the EXTENDED_GLOB option is also set.  To enable all possi-
              ble  patterns  (so  that  they may be individually disabled with
              disable -p), use `setopt EXTENDED_GLOB KSH_GLOB NO_SH_GLOB'.

       eval [ arg ... ]
              Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the result-
              ing  command(s) in the current shell process.  The return status
              is the same as if the commands had been executed directly by the
              shell;  if  there  are no args or they contain no commands (i.e.
              are an empty string or whitespace) the return status is zero.

       exec [ -cl ] [ -a argv0 ] [ command [ arg ... ] ]
              Replace the current shell with command rather than forking.   If
              command  is  a  shell  builtin  command or a shell function, the
              shell executes it, and exits when the command is complete.

              With -c clear the environment; with -l prepend - to the  argv[0]
              string of the command executed (to simulate a login shell); with
              -a argv0 set the argv[0] string of the  command  executed.   See
              the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

              If  the  option  POSIX_BUILTINS  is set, command is never inter-
              preted as a shell builtin command or shell function.  This means
              further precommand modifiers such as builtin and noglob are also
              not interpreted within the shell.  Hence command is always found
              by searching the command path.

              If  command  is omitted but any redirections are specified, then
              the redirections will take effect in the current shell.

       exit [ n ]
              Exit the shell with the exit status specified by  an  arithmetic
              expression n; if none is specified, use the exit status from the
              last command executed.  An EOF condition  will  also  cause  the
              shell to exit, unless the IGNORE_EOF option is set.

              See  notes at the end of the section JOBS in zshmisc(1) for some
              possibly unexpected interactions of the exit command with jobs.

       export [ name[=value] ... ]
              The specified names are marked for automatic export to the envi-
              ronment  of subsequently executed commands.  Equivalent to type-
              set -gx.  If a parameter specified does not already exist, it is
              created in the global scope.

       false [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 1.

       fc [ -e ename ] [ -LI ] [ -m match ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -l [ -LI ] [ -nrdfEiD ] [ -t timefmt ] [ -m match ]
             [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -p [ -a ] [ filename [ histsize [ savehistsize ] ] ]
       fc -P
       fc -ARWI [ filename ]
              The fc command controls the interactive history mechanism.  Note
              that reading and writing of history options is only performed if
              the  shell  is  interactive.  Usually this is detected automati-
              cally, but it can be forced by setting  the  interactive  option
              when starting the shell.

              The  first  two  forms  of this command select a range of events
              from first to last from the history list.  The  arguments  first
              and  last  may be specified as a number or as a string.  A nega-
              tive number is used as an offset to the  current  history  event
              number.  A string specifies the most recent event beginning with
              the given string.  All substitutions old=new, if any,  are  then
              performed on the text of the events.

              In addition to the number range,
              -I     restricts to only internal events (not from $HISTFILE)
              -L     restricts  to  only  local events (not from other shells,
                     see SHARE_HISTORY in zshoptions(1) -- note that $HISTFILE
                     is considered local when read at startup)
              -m     takes  the first argument as a pattern (should be quoted)
                     and only the history events  matching  this  pattern  are
                     considered

              If first is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the most recent
              event), or to -16 if the -l flag is given.  If last is not spec-
              ified,  it  will  be  set  to  first, or to -1 if the -l flag is
              given.  However, if the current event has added entries  to  the
              history with `print -s' or `fc -R', then the default last for -l
              includes all new history entries since the current event began.

              When the -l flag is given, the resulting events  are  listed  on
              standard  output.   Otherwise the editor program specified by -e
              ename is invoked on a file containing these history events.   If
              -e  is  not given, the value of the parameter FCEDIT is used; if
              that is not set the value of the parameter EDITOR  is  used;  if
              that  is  not  set  a builtin default, usually `vi' is used.  If
              ename is `-', no editor is invoked.  When editing  is  complete,
              the edited command is executed.

              The  flag  -r  reverses  the order of the events and the flag -n
              suppresses event numbers when listing.

              Also when listing,
              -d     prints timestamps for each event
              -f     prints full time-date stamps in the US  `MM/DD/YY  hh:mm'
                     format
              -E     prints  full time-date stamps in the European `dd.mm.yyyy
                     hh:mm' format
              -i     prints  full  time-date  stamps  in  ISO8601  `yyyy-mm-dd
                     hh:mm' format
              -t fmt prints  time  and date stamps in the given format; fmt is
                     formatted with the strftime function with the zsh  exten-
                     sions  described  for the %D{string} prompt format in the
                     section EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in zshmisc(1).  The
                     resulting formatted string must be no more than 256 char-
                     acters or will not be printed
              -D     prints elapsed times; may be combined with one of the op-
                     tions above

              `fc  -p'  pushes  the  current  history  list  onto  a stack and
              switches to a new history list.  If the -a option is also speci-
              fied,  this  history  list will be automatically popped when the
              current function scope is exited, which is a much  better  solu-
              tion than creating a trap function to call `fc -P' manually.  If
              no arguments are specified, the  history  list  is  left  empty,
              $HISTFILE  is  unset, and $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are set to their
              default values.  If one argument is given, $HISTFILE is  set  to
              that filename, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are left unchanged, and the
              history file is read in (if it exists)  to  initialize  the  new
              list.   If a second argument is specified, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST
              are instead set to the single specified numeric value.  Finally,
              if a third argument is specified, $SAVEHIST is set to a separate
              value from $HISTSIZE.  You are free to change these  environment
              values  for  the new history list however you desire in order to
              manipulate the new history list.

              `fc -P' pops the history list back to an older list saved by `fc
              -p'.   The  current  list is saved to its $HISTFILE before it is
              destroyed (assuming that $HISTFILE and $SAVEHIST are set  appro-
              priately,  of  course).  The values of $HISTFILE, $HISTSIZE, and
              $SAVEHIST are restored to the values they had when `fc  -p'  was
              called.   Note  that  this  restoration can conflict with making
              these variables "local", so your best bet is to avoid local dec-
              larations  for  these  variables  in functions that use `fc -p'.
              The one other guaranteed-safe  combination  is  declaring  these
              variables  to be local at the top of your function and using the
              automatic option (-a) with `fc -p'.  Finally, note  that  it  is
              legal to manually pop a push marked for automatic popping if you
              need to do so before the function exits.

              `fc -R' reads the history from the given file,  `fc  -W'  writes
              the  history out to the given file, and `fc -A' appends the his-
              tory out to the given file.  If no filename  is  specified,  the
              $HISTFILE  is  assumed.   If  the -I option is added to -R, only
              those events that are not already contained within the  internal
              history  list are added.  If the -I option is added to -A or -W,
              only those events  that  are  new  since  last  incremental  ap-
              pend/write  to  the  history  file are appended/written.  In any
              case, the created file will have no more than $SAVEHIST entries.

       fg [ job ... ]
       job ...
              Bring each specified job in turn to the foreground.  If  no  job
              is specified, resume the current job.

       float [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZ [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent  to  typeset  -E,  except  that options irrelevant to
              floating point numbers are not permitted.

       functions [ {+|-}UkmtTuWz ] [ -x num ] [ name ... ]
       functions -c oldfn newfn
       functions -M [-s] mathfn [ min [ max [ shellfn ] ] ]
       functions -M [ -m pattern ... ]
       functions +M [ -m ] mathfn ...
              Equivalent to typeset -f, with the exception of the -c,  -x,  -M
              and  -W  options.   For  functions  -u and functions -U, see au-
              toload, which provides additional options.

              The -x option indicates that any functions output will have each
              leading  tab for indentation, added by the shell to show syntac-
              tic structure, expanded to the given number num of spaces.   num
              can also be 0 to suppress all indentation.

              The  -W option turns on the option WARN_NESTED_VAR for the named
              function or functions only.  The option is  turned  off  at  the
              start  of nested functions (apart from anonoymous functions) un-
              less the called function also has the -W attribute.

              The -c option causes oldfn to be copied to newfn.  The  copy  is
              efficiently  handled internally by reference counting.  If oldfn
              was marked for autoload it is first loaded and if this fails the
              copy fails.  Either function may subsequently be redefined with-
              out affecting the other.  A typical idiom is that oldfn  is  the
              name of a library shell function which is then redefined to call
              newfn, thereby installing a modified version of the function.

              Use of the -M option may not be combined with any of the options
              handled by typeset -f.

              functions -M mathfn defines mathfn as the name of a mathematical
              function recognised in all forms  of  arithmetical  expressions;
              see  the  section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in zshmisc(1).  By de-
              fault mathfn may take any number of  comma-separated  arguments.
              If  min  is given, it must have exactly min args; if min and max
              are both given, it must have at least min and at most max  args.
              max may be -1 to indicate that there is no upper limit.

              By  default  the  function is implemented by a shell function of
              the same name; if shellfn is specified it gives the name of  the
              corresponding  shell function while mathfn remains the name used
              in arithmetical expressions.  The name of the function in $0  is
              mathfn  (not shellfn as would usually be the case), provided the
              option FUNCTION_ARGZERO is in effect.  The positional parameters
              in  the shell function correspond to the arguments of the mathe-
              matical function call.  The result of the last arithmetical  ex-
              pression  evaluated  inside  the shell function (even if it is a
              form that normally only returns a status) gives  the  result  of
              the mathematical function.

              If  the additional option -s is given to functions -M, the argu-
              ment to the function is a single string:  anything  between  the
              opening  and matching closing parenthesis is passed to the func-
              tion as a single argument, even if it includes commas  or  white
              space.   The minimum and maximum argument specifiers must there-
              fore be 1 if given.  An empty  argument  list  is  passed  as  a
              zero-length string.

              functions -M with no arguments lists all such user-defined func-
              tions in the same form as a definition.  With the additional op-
              tion  -m  and  a  list  of arguments, all functions whose mathfn
              matches one of the pattern arguments are listed.

              function +M removes the list of mathematical functions; with the
              additional  option  -m the arguments are treated as patterns and
              all functions whose mathfn  matches  the  pattern  are  removed.
              Note  that  the shell function implementing the behaviour is not
              removed (regardless of whether its name coincides with mathfn).

              For example, the following prints the cube of 3:

                     zmath_cube() { (( $1 * $1 * $1 )) }
                     functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
                     print $(( cube(3) ))

              The following string function takes a single argument, including
              the commas, so prints 11:

                     stringfn() { (( $#1 )) }
                     functions -Ms stringfn
                     print $(( stringfn(foo,bar,rod) ))

       getcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       getln [ -AclneE ] name ...
              Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it in the shell
              parameter name.  Equivalent to read -zr.

       getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
              Checks the args for legal options.  If the args are omitted, use
              the  positional parameters.  A valid option argument begins with
              a `+' or a `-'.  An argument not beginning with a `+' or a  `-',
              or  the argument `--', ends the options.  Note that a single `-'
              is not considered a valid option argument.   optstring  contains
              the letters that getopts recognizes.  If a letter is followed by
              a `:', that option requires an argument.   The  options  can  be
              separated from the argument by blanks.

              Each  time  it  is  invoked, getopts places the option letter it
              finds in the shell parameter name, prepended with a `+' when arg
              begins  with  a  `+'.   The  index  of the next arg is stored in
              OPTIND.  The option argument, if any, is stored in OPTARG.

              The first option to be examined may be changed by explicitly as-
              signing  to  OPTIND.   OPTIND  has an initial value of 1, and is
              normally set to 1 upon entry to a shell  function  and  restored
              upon  exit (this is disabled by the POSIX_BUILTINS option).  OP-
              TARG is not reset and retains its value  from  the  most  recent
              call  to  getopts.   If either of OPTIND or OPTARG is explicitly
              unset, it remains unset, and the index or option argument is not
              stored.  The option itself is still stored in name in this case.

              A leading `:' in optstring causes getopts to store the letter of
              any invalid option in OPTARG, and to set name to `?' for an  un-
              known  option  and  to  `:' when a required argument is missing.
              Otherwise, getopts sets name to `?' and prints an error  message
              when  an  option  is  invalid.   The exit status is nonzero when
              there are no more options.

       hash [ -Ldfmrv ] [ name[=value] ] ...
              hash can be used to directly modify the contents of the  command
              hash  table,  and  the named directory hash table.  Normally one
              would modify these tables by modifying one's PATH (for the  com-
              mand  hash  table)  or  by creating appropriate shell parameters
              (for the named directory hash table).  The choice of hash  table
              to  work  on  is determined by the -d option; without the option
              the command hash table is used, and with the  option  the  named
              directory hash table is used.

              A command name starting with a / is never hashed, whether by ex-
              plicit use of the hash command or otherwise.  Such a command  is
              always found by direct look up in the file system.

              Given  no  arguments,  and neither the -r or -f options, the se-
              lected hash table will be listed in full.

              The -r option causes the selected hash table to be emptied.   It
              will  be subsequently rebuilt in the normal fashion.  The -f op-
              tion causes the selected hash table to be fully rebuilt  immedi-
              ately.   For the command hash table this hashes all the absolute
              directories in the PATH, and for the named directory hash  table
              this adds all users' home directories.  These two options cannot
              be used with any arguments.

              The -m option causes the  arguments  to  be  taken  as  patterns
              (which  should  be  quoted)  and  the elements of the hash table
              matching those patterns are printed.  This is the  only  way  to
              display a limited selection of hash table elements.

              For  each name with a corresponding value, put `name' in the se-
              lected hash table, associating it with the pathname `value'.  In
              the  command hash table, this means that whenever `name' is used
              as a command argument, the shell will try to  execute  the  file
              given by `value'.  In the named directory hash table, this means
              that `value' may be referred to as `~name'.

              For each name with no corresponding value, attempt to  add  name
              to the hash table, checking what the appropriate value is in the
              normal manner for that hash  table.   If  an  appropriate  value
              can't be found, then the hash table will be unchanged.

              The -v option causes hash table entries to be listed as they are
              added by explicit specification.  If has no effect if used  with
              -f.

              If the -L flag is present, then each hash table entry is printed
              in the form of a call to hash.

       history
              Same as fc -l.

       integer [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}LRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent to typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to  in-
              tegers are not permitted.

       jobs [ -dlprs ] [ job ... ]
       jobs -Z string
              Lists  information  about  each given job, or all jobs if job is
              omitted.  The -l flag lists process IDs, and the -p  flag  lists
              process  groups.   If the -r flag is specified only running jobs
              will be listed and if the -s flag is given only stopped jobs are
              shown.   If  the  -d flag is given, the directory from which the
              job was started (which may not be the current directory  of  the
              job) will also be shown.

              The  -Z  option  replaces  the  shell's argument and environment
              space with the given string,  truncated  if  necessary  to  fit.
              This will normally be visible in ps (ps(1)) listings.  This fea-
              ture is typically used by daemons, to indicate their state.

       kill [ -s signal_name | -n signal_number | -sig ] job ...
       kill -l [ sig ... ]
              Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the  given  jobs
              or  processes.  Signals are given by number or by names, with or
              without the `SIG' prefix.  If  the  signal  being  sent  is  not
              `KILL'  or  `CONT', then the job will be sent a `CONT' signal if
              it is stopped.  The argument job can be the process ID of a  job
              not in the job list.  In the second form, kill -l, if sig is not
              specified the signal names are listed.  Otherwise, for each  sig
              that  is a name, the corresponding signal number is listed.  For
              each sig that is a signal number or a  number  representing  the
              exit  status  of  a process which was terminated or stopped by a
              signal the name of the signal is printed.

              On some systems, alternative signal names are allowed for a  few
              signals.  Typical examples are SIGCHLD and SIGCLD or SIGPOLL and
              SIGIO, assuming they correspond to the same signal number.  kill
              -l  will  only list the preferred form, however kill -l alt will
              show if the alternative form corresponds  to  a  signal  number.
              For example, under Linux kill -l IO and kill -l POLL both output
              29, hence kill -IO and kill -POLL have the same effect.

              Many systems will allow process IDs to be  negative  to  kill  a
              process group or zero to kill the current process group.

       let arg ...
              Evaluate  each arg as an arithmetic expression.  See the section
              `Arithmetic Evaluation'  in  zshmisc(1)  for  a  description  of
              arithmetic  expressions.   The  exit status is 0 if the value of
              the last expression is nonzero, 1 if it is zero, and 2 if an er-
              ror occurred.

       limit [ -hs ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
              Set  or  display  resource limits.  Unless the -s flag is given,
              the limit applies only the children of  the  shell.   If  -s  is
              given  without  other arguments, the resource limits of the cur-
              rent shell is set to the previously set resource limits  of  the
              children.

              If limit is not specified, print the current limit placed on re-
              source, otherwise set the limit to the specified value.  If  the
              -h flag is given, use hard limits instead of soft limits.  If no
              resource is given, print all limits.

              When looping over multiple resources, the shell will abort imme-
              diately  if  it detects a badly formed argument.  However, if it
              fails to set a limit for some other reason it will continue try-
              ing to set the remaining limits.

              resource can be one of:

              addressspace
                     Maximum amount of address space used.
              aiomemorylocked
                     Maximum  amount  of  memory  locked in RAM for AIO opera-
                     tions.
              aiooperations
                     Maximum number of AIO operations.
              cachedthreads
                     Maximum number of cached threads.
              coredumpsize
                     Maximum size of a core dump.
              cputime
                     Maximum CPU seconds per process.
              datasize
                     Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.
              descriptors
                     Maximum value for a file descriptor.
              filesize
                     Largest single file allowed.
              kqueues
                     Maximum number of kqueues allocated.
              maxproc
                     Maximum number of processes.
              maxpthreads
                     Maximum number of threads per process.
              memorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
              memoryuse
                     Maximum resident set size.
              msgqueue
                     Maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
              posixlocks
                     Maximum number of POSIX locks per user.
              pseudoterminals
                     Maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
              resident
                     Maximum resident set size.
              sigpending
                     Maximum number of pending signals.
              sockbufsize
                     Maximum size of all socket buffers.
              stacksize
                     Maximum stack size for each process.
              swapsize
                     Maximum amount of swap used.
              vmemorysize
                     Maximum amount of virtual memory.

              Which of these resource limits are available depends on the sys-
              tem.  resource can be abbreviated to any unambiguous prefix.  It
              can also be an integer, which corresponds to the integer defined
              for the resource by the operating system.

              If argument corresponds to a number which is out of the range of
              the resources configured into the shell, the shell will  try  to
              read or write the limit anyway, and will report an error if this
              fails.  As the shell does not store such  resources  internally,
              an  attempt  to  set the limit will fail unless the -s option is
              present.

              limit is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:

              nh     hours
              nk     kilobytes (default)
              nm     megabytes or minutes
              ng     gigabytes
              [mm:]ss
                     minutes and seconds

              The limit command is not made  available  by  default  when  the
              shell  starts in a mode emulating another shell.  It can be made
              available with the command `zmodload -F zsh/rlimits b:limit'.

       local [ {+|-}AHUahlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Same as typeset, except that the options -g, and -f are not per-
              mitted.   In  this  case the -x option does not force the use of
              -g, i.e. exported variables will be local to functions.

       log    List all users currently logged in who are affected by the  cur-
              rent setting of the watch parameter.

       logout [ n ]
              Same as exit, except that it only works in a login shell.

       noglob simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       popd [ -q ] [ {+|-}n ]
              Remove  an  entry  from the directory stack, and perform a cd to
              the new top directory.  With no argument, the current top  entry
              is removed.  An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack en-
              try by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs com-
              mand,  starting  with  zero.   An argument of the form -n counts
              from the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the  meanings
              of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.

              If  the  -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd
              and the functions in the array $chpwd_functions are not  called,
              and  the new directory stack is not printed.  This is useful for
              calls to popd that do not change the environment seen by an  in-
              teractive user.

       print [ -abcDilmnNoOpPrsSz ] [ -u n ] [ -f format ] [ -C cols ]
             [ -v name ] [ -xX tabstop ] [ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
              With  the  `-f' option the arguments are printed as described by
              printf.  With no flags or with the flag `-', the  arguments  are
              printed  on  the  standard output as described by echo, with the
              following differences: the escape  sequence  `\M-x'  (or  `\Mx')
              metafies  the  character  x  (sets  the highest bit), `\C-x' (or
              `\Cx') produces a control character (`\C-@' and `\C-?' give  the
              characters NULL and delete), a character code in octal is repre-
              sented by `\NNN' (instead of `\0NNN'), and `\E' is a synonym for
              `\e'.   Finally,  if  not in an escape sequence, `\' escapes the
              following character and is not printed.

              -a     Print arguments with the column incrementing first.  Only
                     useful with the -c and -C options.

              -b     Recognize  all the escape sequences defined for the bind-
                     key command, see the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

              -c     Print the arguments in columns.  Unless -a is also given,
                     arguments are printed with the row incrementing first.

              -C cols
                     Print  the  arguments in cols columns.  Unless -a is also
                     given, arguments are printed with  the  row  incrementing
                     first.

              -D     Treat  the  arguments  as paths, replacing directory pre-
                     fixes  with  ~  expressions  corresponding  to  directory
                     names, as appropriate.

              -i     If  given  together  with  -o or -O, sorting is performed
                     case-independently.

              -l     Print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spa-
                     ces.   Note:  if the list of arguments is empty, print -l
                     will still output one  empty  line.  To  print  a  possi-
                     bly-empty  list of arguments one per line, use print -C1,
                     as in `print -rC1 -- "$list[@]"'.

              -m     Take the first argument as a pattern (should be  quoted),
                     and remove it from the argument list together with subse-
                     quent arguments that do not match this pattern.

              -n     Do not add a newline to the output.

              -N     Print the arguments separated and  terminated  by  nulls.
                     Again,  print  -rNC1  -- "$list[@]" is a canonical way to
                     print an arbitrary list as null-delimited records.

              -o     Print the arguments sorted in ascending order.

              -O     Print the arguments sorted in descending order.

              -p     Print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.

              -P     Perform prompt expansion (see  EXPANSION  OF  PROMPT  SE-
                     QUENCES in zshmisc(1)).  In combination with `-f', prompt
                     escape sequences are parsed only within interpolated  ar-
                     guments, not within the format string.

              -r     Ignore the escape conventions of echo.

              -R     Emulate  the BSD echo command, which does not process es-
                     cape sequences unless the -e flag is given.  The -n  flag
                     suppresses  the  trailing  newline.   Only  the -e and -n
                     flags are recognized after -R; all  other  arguments  and
                     options are printed.

              -s     Place  the  results in the history list instead of on the
                     standard output.  Each argument to the print  command  is
                     treated  as  a  single word in the history, regardless of
                     its content.

              -S     Place the results in the history list instead of  on  the
                     standard  output.  In this case only a single argument is
                     allowed; it will be split into words as if it were a full
                     shell command line.  The effect is similar to reading the
                     line from a history file with the  HIST_LEX_WORDS  option
                     active.

              -u n   Print the arguments to file descriptor n.

              -v name
                     Store the printed arguments as the value of the parameter
                     name.

              -x tab-stop
                     Expand leading tabs on each line of output in the printed
                     string  assuming  a  tab  stop every tab-stop characters.
                     This is appropriate for formatting code that may  be  in-
                     dented with tabs.  Note that leading tabs of any argument
                     to print, not just the first, are expanded, even if print
                     is  using  spaces to separate arguments (the column count
                     is maintained across arguments but may  be  incorrect  on
                     output owing to previous unexpanded tabs).

                     The  start of the output of each print command is assumed
                     to be aligned with a tab stop.  Widths of multibyte char-
                     acters  are handled if the option MULTIBYTE is in effect.
                     This option is ignored if other formatting options are in
                     effect,  namely  column  alignment or printf style, or if
                     output is to a special location such as shell history  or
                     the command line editor.

              -X tab-stop
                     This  is  similar  to  -x,  except  that  all tabs in the
                     printed string are expanded.  This is appropriate if tabs
                     in  the  arguments are being used to produce a table for-
                     mat.

              -z     Push the arguments onto the editing buffer  stack,  sepa-
                     rated by spaces.

              If  any  of `-m', `-o' or `-O' are used in combination with `-f'
              and there are no arguments (after the  removal  process  in  the
              case of `-m') then nothing is printed.

       printf [ -v name ] format [ arg ... ]
              Print  the arguments according to the format specification. For-
              matting rules are the same as used in C.  The  same  escape  se-
              quences  as for echo are recognised in the format. All C conver-
              sion specifications ending in one of csdiouxXeEfgGn are handled.
              In  addition  to this, `%b' can be used instead of `%s' to cause
              escape sequences in the argument to be recognised and  `%q'  can
              be used to quote the argument in such a way that allows it to be
              reused as shell input. With the numeric  format  specifiers,  if
              the  corresponding  argument  starts with a quote character, the
              numeric value of the following character is used as  the  number
              to  print;  otherwise the argument is evaluated as an arithmetic
              expression. See the  section  `Arithmetic  Evaluation'  in  zsh-
              misc(1)  for a description of arithmetic expressions. With `%n',
              the corresponding argument is taken as an  identifier  which  is
              created as an integer parameter.

              Normally, conversion specifications are applied to each argument
              in order but they can explicitly specify the nth argument is  to
              be  used by replacing `%' by `%n$' and `*' by `*n$'.  It is rec-
              ommended that you do not mix references of this  explicit  style
              with  the normal style and the handling of such mixed styles may
              be subject to future change.

              If arguments remain unused after formatting, the  format  string
              is reused until all arguments have been consumed. With the print
              builtin, this can be suppressed by using the -r option. If  more
              arguments  are  required by the format than have been specified,
              the behaviour is as if zero or an empty string had  been  speci-
              fied as the argument.

              The -v option causes the output to be stored as the value of the
              parameter name, instead of printed. If name is an array and  the
              format  string is reused when consuming arguments then one array
              element will be used for each use of the format string.

       pushd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       pushd [ -qsLP ] old new
       pushd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change the current directory, and push the old current directory
              onto the directory stack.  In the first form, change the current
              directory to arg.  If arg is not specified, change to the second
              directory  on the stack (that is, exchange the top two entries),
              or change to $HOME if the PUSHD_TO_HOME  option  is  set  or  if
              there  is only one entry on the stack.  Otherwise, arg is inter-
              preted as it would be by cd.  The meaning of old and new in  the
              second form is also the same as for cd.

              The third form of pushd changes directory by rotating the direc-
              tory list.  An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack  en-
              try by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs com-
              mand, starting with zero.  An argument of the form  `-n'  counts
              from  the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings
              of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook  function  chpwd
              and  the functions in the array $chpwd_functions are not called,
              and the new directory stack is not printed.  This is useful  for
              calls to pushd that do not change the environment seen by an in-
              teractive user.

              If  the  option  -q  is  not  specified  and  the  shell  option
              PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the directory stack will be printed af-
              ter a pushd is performed.

              The options -s, -L and -P have the same meanings as for  the  cd
              builtin.

       pushln [ arg ... ]
              Equivalent to print -nz.

       pwd [ -rLP ]
              Print  the  absolute  pathname of the current working directory.
              If the -r or the -P flag is specified, or the CHASE_LINKS option
              is  set  and the -L flag is not given, the printed path will not
              contain symbolic links.

       r      Same as fc -e -.

       read [ -rszpqAclneE ] [ -t [ num ] ] [ -k [ num ] ] [ -d delim ]
            [ -u n ] [ name[?prompt] ] [ name ...  ]
              Read one line and break it into fields using the  characters  in
              $IFS  as  separators, except as noted below.  The first field is
              assigned to the first name, the second field to the second name,
              etc.,  with  leftover fields assigned to the last name.  If name
              is omitted then REPLY is used for scalars and reply for arrays.

              -r     Raw mode: a `\' at the end of a  line  does  not  signify
                     line continuation and backslashes in the line don't quote
                     the following character and are not removed.

              -s     Don't echo back characters if reading from the terminal.

              -q     Read only one character from the terminal and set name to
                     `y'  if  this  character was `y' or `Y' and to `n' other-
                     wise.  With this flag set the return status is zero  only
                     if the character was `y' or `Y'.  This option may be used
                     with a timeout (see -t); if the read times  out,  or  en-
                     counters  end  of  file,  status 2 is returned.  Input is
                     read from the terminal unless one of -u or -p is present.
                     This option may also be used within zle widgets.

              -k [ num ]
                     Read  only  one (or num) characters.  All are assigned to
                     the first name, without word splitting.  This flag is ig-
                     nored  when -q is present.  Input is read from the termi-
                     nal unless one of -u or -p is present.  This  option  may
                     also be used within zle widgets.

                     Note  that  despite  the  mnemonic `key' this option does
                     read full characters, which may consist of multiple bytes
                     if the option MULTIBYTE is set.

              -z     Read one entry from the editor buffer stack and assign it
                     to the first  name,  without  word  splitting.   Text  is
                     pushed  onto  the stack with `print -z' or with push-line
                     from the line editor (see zshzle(1)).  This flag  is  ig-
                     nored when the -k or -q flags are present.

              -e
              -E     The  input  read is printed (echoed) to the standard out-
                     put.  If the -e flag is used, no input is assigned to the
                     parameters.

              -A     The  first  name is taken as the name of an array and all
                     words are assigned to it.

              -c
              -l     These flags are allowed only if called inside a  function
                     used  for  completion (specified with the -K flag to com-
                     pctl).  If the -c flag is given, the words of the current
                     command are read. If the -l flag is given, the whole line
                     is assigned as a scalar.  If both flags are  present,  -l
                     is used and -c is ignored.

              -n     Together with -c, the number of the word the cursor is on
                     is read.  With -l, the index of the character the  cursor
                     is on is read.  Note that the command name is word number
                     1, not word 0, and that when the cursor is at the end  of
                     the  line,  its character index is the length of the line
                     plus one.

              -u n   Input is read from file descriptor n.

              -p     Input is read from the coprocess.

              -d delim
                     Input is terminated by the first character of  delim  in-
                     stead of by newline.

              -t [ num ]
                     Test if input is available before attempting to read.  If
                     num is present, it must begin with a digit  and  will  be
                     evaluated  to  give  a  number of seconds, which may be a
                     floating point number; in this case the read times out if
                     input  is  not available within this time.  If num is not
                     present, it is taken to be zero, so that read returns im-
                     mediately  if  no  input  is  available.   If no input is
                     available, return status 1 and do not set any variables.

                     This option is not available when reading from the editor
                     buffer  with  -z, when called from within completion with
                     -c or -l, with -q which clears  the  input  queue  before
                     reading,  or  within zle where other mechanisms should be
                     used to test for input.

                     Note that read does not attempt to alter the  input  pro-
                     cessing  mode.   The  default mode is canonical input, in
                     which an entire line is read at a time, so usually  `read
                     -t'  will not read anything until an entire line has been
                     typed.  However, when reading from the terminal  with  -k
                     input  is processed one key at a time; in this case, only
                     availability of the first character is  tested,  so  that
                     e.g. `read -t -k 2' can still block on the second charac-
                     ter.  Use two instances of `read -t -k' if  this  is  not
                     what is wanted.

              If the first argument contains a `?', the remainder of this word
              is used as a prompt on standard error when the shell is interac-
              tive.

              The  value (exit status) of read is 1 when an end-of-file is en-
              countered, or when -c or -l is present and the  command  is  not
              called  from a compctl function, or as described for -q.  Other-
              wise the value is 0.

              The behavior of some combinations of the -k, -p, -q, -u  and  -z
              flags  is  undefined.   Presently  -q cancels all the others, -p
              cancels -u, -k cancels -z, and otherwise -z cancels both -p  and
              -u.

              The -c or -l flags cancel any and all of -kpquz.

       readonly
              Same as typeset -r.  With the POSIX_BUILTINS option set, same as
              typeset -gr.

       rehash Same as hash -r.

       return [ n ]
              Causes a shell function or `.' script to return to the  invoking
              script with the return status specified by an arithmetic expres-
              sion n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of  the  last
              command executed.

              If  return  was  executed from a trap in a TRAPNAL function, the
              effect is different for zero and non-zero return  status.   With
              zero  status  (or  after  an  implicit  return at the end of the
              trap), the shell will return to whatever it was previously  pro-
              cessing; with a non-zero status, the shell will behave as inter-
              rupted except that the return status of the  trap  is  retained.
              Note  that the numeric value of the signal which caused the trap
              is passed as  the  first  argument,  so  the  statement  `return
              $((128+$1))'  will  return  the same status as if the signal had
              not been trapped.

       sched  See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmodules(1).

       set [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o [ option_name ] ] ... [ {+|-}A [ name ] ]
           [ arg ... ]
              Set the options for the shell and/or set the positional  parame-
              ters,  or  declare and set an array.  If the -s option is given,
              it causes the specified arguments to be sorted before  assigning
              them to the positional parameters (or to the array name if -A is
              used).  With +s sort arguments in  descending  order.   For  the
              meaning  of  the  other  flags, see zshoptions(1).  Flags may be
              specified by name using the -o option. If no option name is sup-
              plied  with  -o, the current option states are printed:  see the
              description of setopt below for more information on the  format.
              With  +o they are printed in a form that can be used as input to
              the shell.

              If the -A flag is specified, name is set to an array  containing
              the  given args; if no name is specified, all arrays are printed
              together with their values.

              If +A is used and name is an array, the given arguments will re-
              place  the  initial elements of that array; if no name is speci-
              fied, all arrays are printed without their values.

              The behaviour of arguments after -A name or +A name  depends  on
              whether the option KSH_ARRAYS is set.  If it is not set, all ar-
              guments following name are treated as values for the array,  re-
              gardless  of  their  form.   If the option is set, normal option
              processing continues at that point; only regular  arguments  are
              treated as values for the array.  This means that

                     set -A array -x -- foo

              sets array to `-x -- foo' if KSH_ARRAYS is not set, but sets the
              array to foo and turns on the option `-x' if it is set.

              If the -A flag is not present, but there  are  arguments  beyond
              the  options,  the positional parameters are set.  If the option
              list (if any) is terminated by `--', and there  are  no  further
              arguments, the positional parameters will be unset.

              If no arguments and no `--' are given, then the names and values
              of all parameters are printed on the standard  output.   If  the
              only argument is `+', the names of all parameters are printed.

              For historical reasons, `set -' is treated as `set +xv' and `set
              - args' as `set +xv -- args' when in any  other  emulation  mode
              than zsh's native mode.

       setcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       setopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ -m ] [ name ... ]
              Set  the  options  for  the shell.  All options specified either
              with flags or by name are set.

              If no arguments are supplied, the names of all options currently
              set  are printed.  The form is chosen so as to minimize the dif-
              ferences from the default options for the current emulation (the
              default  emulation  being  native  zsh,  shown  as <Z> in zshop-
              tions(1)).  Options that are on by default for the emulation are
              shown  with  the prefix no only if they are off, while other op-
              tions are shown without the prefix no and only if they  are  on.
              In  addition  to  options  changed from the default state by the
              user, any options activated automatically by the shell (for  ex-
              ample,  SHIN_STDIN  or  INTERACTIVE)  will be shown in the list.
              The format is further modified by the  option  KSH_OPTION_PRINT,
              however  the  rationale for choosing options with or without the
              no prefix remains the same in this case.

              If the -m flag is given the  arguments  are  taken  as  patterns
              (which  should  be  quoted  to protect them from filename expan-
              sion), and all options with names matching  these  patterns  are
              set.

              Note  that  a bad option name does not cause execution of subse-
              quent shell code to be aborted; this is behaviour  is  different
              from  that  of  `set  -o'.  This is because set is regarded as a
              special builtin by the POSIX standard, but setopt is not.

       shift [ -p ] [ n ] [ name ... ]
              The positional parameters ${n+1} ...  are  renamed  to  $1  ...,
              where  n is an arithmetic expression that defaults to 1.  If any
              names are given then the arrays with these names are shifted in-
              stead of the positional parameters.

              If the option -p is given arguments are instead removed (popped)
              from the end rather than the start of the array.

       source file [ arg ... ]
              Same as  `.',  except  that  the  current  directory  is  always
              searched  and  is  always  searched first, before directories in
              $path.

       stat   See the section `The zsh/stat Module' in zshmodules(1).

       suspend [ -f ]
              Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP) until  it
              receives  a  SIGCONT.   Unless the -f option is given, this will
              refuse to suspend a login shell.

       test [ arg ... ]
       [ [ arg ... ] ]
              Like the system version of test.  Added for  compatibility;  use
              conditional  expressions  instead  (see the section `Conditional
              Expressions').  The main differences between the conditional ex-
              pression syntax and the test and [ builtins are:  these commands
              are not handled syntactically, so for example an empty  variable
              expansion  may  cause  an  argument to be omitted; syntax errors
              cause status 2 to be returned instead  of  a  shell  error;  and
              arithmetic operators expect integer arguments rather than arith-
              metic expressions.

              The command attempts to implement POSIX and its extensions where
              these are specified.  Unfortunately there are intrinsic ambigui-
              ties in the syntax; in particular there is  no  distinction  be-
              tween  test operators and strings that resemble them.  The stan-
              dard attempts to resolve these for small  numbers  of  arguments
              (up to four); for five or more arguments compatibility cannot be
              relied on.  Users are urged wherever possible to  use  the  `[['
              test syntax which does not have these ambiguities.

       times  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
              for processes run from the shell.

       trap [ arg ] [ sig ... ]
              arg is a series of commands (usually quoted to protect  it  from
              immediate  evaluation by the shell) to be read and executed when
              the shell receives any of the signals specified by one  or  more
              sig  args.  Each sig can be given as a number, or as the name of
              a signal either with or without the string SIG in front (e.g. 1,
              HUP, and SIGHUP are all the same signal).

              If arg is `-', then the specified signals are reset to their de-
              faults, or, if no sig args are present, all traps are reset.

              If arg is an empty string, then the specified  signals  are  ig-
              nored by the shell (and by the commands it invokes).

              If  arg  is  omitted but one or more sig args are provided (i.e.
              the first argument is a valid signal number or name), the effect
              is the same as if arg had been specified as `-'.

              The trap command with no arguments prints a list of commands as-
              sociated with each signal.

              If sig is ZERR then arg will be executed after each command with
              a nonzero exit status.  ERR is an alias for ZERR on systems that
              have no SIGERR signal (this is the usual case).

              If sig is DEBUG then arg will be executed before each command if
              the  option  DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is set (as it is by default), else
              after each command.  Here, a `command' is what is described as a
              `sublist'  in the shell grammar, see the section SIMPLE COMMANDS
              & PIPELINES in zshmisc(1).  If DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is  set  various
              additional  features  are  available.   First, it is possible to
              skip the next command by setting the option  ERR_EXIT;  see  the
              description  of the ERR_EXIT option in zshoptions(1).  Also, the
              shell parameter ZSH_DEBUG_CMD is set to the string corresponding
              to  the  command  to  be executed following the trap.  Note that
              this string is reconstructed from the internal  format  and  may
              not be formatted the same way as the original text.  The parame-
              ter is unset after the trap is executed.

              If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement  is  executed  inside
              the  body  of a function, then the command arg is executed after
              the function completes.  The value of $? at the start of  execu-
              tion is the exit status of the shell or the return status of the
              function exiting.  If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is
              not executed inside the body of a function, then the command arg
              is executed when the shell terminates; the trap runs before  any
              zshexit hook functions.

              ZERR, DEBUG, and EXIT traps are not executed inside other traps.
              ZERR and DEBUG traps are  kept  within  subshells,  while  other
              traps are reset.

              Note  that traps defined with the trap builtin are slightly dif-
              ferent from those defined as `TRAPNAL () { ... }', as the latter
              have  their  own function environment (line numbers, local vari-
              ables, etc.) while the former use the environment of the command
              in which they were called.  For example,

                     trap 'print $LINENO' DEBUG

              will  print  the  line number of a command executed after it has
              run, while

                     TRAPDEBUG() { print $LINENO; }

              will always print the number zero.

              Alternative signal names are allowed  as  described  under  kill
              above.   Defining a trap under either name causes any trap under
              an alternative name to be removed.  However, it  is  recommended
              that  for consistency users stick exclusively to one name or an-
              other.

       true [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 0.

       ttyctl [ -fu ]
              The -f option freezes the tty (i.e. terminal or terminal  emula-
              tor),  and  -u unfreezes it.  When the tty is frozen, no changes
              made to the tty settings by external programs will be honored by
              the  shell,  except  for  changes in the size of the screen; the
              shell will simply reset the settings to their previous values as
              soon as each command exits or is suspended.  Thus, stty and sim-
              ilar programs have no effect when the tty is  frozen.   Freezing
              the  tty  does not cause the current state to be remembered: in-
              stead, it causes future changes to the state to be blocked.

              Without options it reports whether the  terminal  is  frozen  or
              not.

              Note  that,  regardless of whether the tty is frozen or not, the
              shell needs to change the settings when the line editor  starts,
              so  unfreezing  the  tty does not guarantee settings made on the
              command line are preserved.  Strings  of  commands  run  between
              editing  the  command line will see a consistent tty state.  See
              also the shell variable STTY for a means of initialising the tty
              before running external commands.

       type [ -wfpamsS ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -v.

       typeset [ {+|-}AHUaghlmrtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZip [ n ] ]
               [ + ] [ name[=value] ... ]
       typeset -T [ {+|-}Uglrux ] [ {+|-}LRZp [ n ] ]
               [ + | SCALAR[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
       typeset -f [ {+|-}TUkmtuz ] [ + ] [ name ... ]
              Set or display attributes and values for shell parameters.

              Except  as  noted below for control flags that change the behav-
              ior, a parameter is created for each name that does not  already
              refer  to  one.  When inside a function, a new parameter is cre-
              ated for every name (even those that already exist), and is  un-
              set  again  when the function completes.  See `Local Parameters'
              in zshparam(1).  The same rules apply to special  shell  parame-
              ters, which retain their special attributes when made local.

              For  each  name=value  assignment,  the parameter name is set to
              value.

              If the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not set, for each  remain-
              ing  name  that  refers  to a parameter that is already set, the
              name and value of the parameter are printed in the  form  of  an
              assignment.  Nothing is printed for newly-created parameters, or
              when any attribute flags listed below are given along  with  the
              name.   Using  `+'  instead  of  minus to introduce an attribute
              turns it off.

              If no name is present, the names and values  of  all  parameters
              are printed.  In this case the attribute flags restrict the dis-
              play to only  those  parameters  that  have  the  specified  at-
              tributes,  and  using  `+' rather than `-' to introduce the flag
              suppresses printing of the values of parameters when there is no
              parameter name.

              All  forms  of  the command handle scalar assignment.  Array as-
              signment is possible if any of the reserved words  declare,  ex-
              port, float, integer, local, readonly or typeset is matched when
              the line is parsed (N.B. not when it is executed).  In this case
              the  arguments  are  parsed as assignments, except that the `+='
              syntax and the GLOB_ASSIGN option are not supported, and  scalar
              values  after  =  are  not split further into words, even if ex-
              panded (regardless of the setting  of  the  KSH_TYPESET  option;
              this option is obsolete).

              Examples  of  the  differences between command and reserved word
              parsing:

                     # Reserved word parsing
                     typeset svar=$(echo one word) avar=(several words)

              The above creates a scalar parameter svar and an array parameter
              avar as if the assignments had been

                     svar="one word"
                     avar=(several words)

              On the other hand:

                     # Normal builtin interface
                     builtin typeset svar=$(echo two words)

              The builtin keyword causes the above to use the standard builtin
              interface to typeset in which argument parsing is  performed  in
              the  same  way  as  for  other commands.  This example creates a
              scalar svar containing the value two and another scalar  parame-
              ter  words with no value.  An array value in this case would ei-
              ther cause an error or be treated as  an  obscure  set  of  glob
              qualifiers.

              Arbitrary arguments are allowed if they take the form of assign-
              ments after command line expansion; however, these only  perform
              scalar assignment:

                     var='svar=val'
                     typeset $var

              The  above  sets  the  scalar  parameter  svar to the value val.
              Parentheses around the value within var would  not  cause  array
              assignment  as  they will be treated as ordinary characters when
              $var is substituted.  Any non-trivial expansion in the name part
              of  the  assignment  causes  the  argument to be treated in this
              fashion:

                     typeset {var1,var2,var3}=name

              The above syntax is valid, and has the expected effect  of  set-
              ting  the  three  parameters  to the same value, but the command
              line is parsed as a set of three normal command  line  arguments
              to  typeset after expansion.  Hence it is not possible to assign
              to multiple arrays by this means.

              Note that each interface to any of the commands my  be  disabled
              separately.   For example, `disable -r typeset' disables the re-
              served word interface to typeset, exposing  the  builtin  inter-
              face,  while  `disable typeset' disables the builtin.  Note that
              disabling the reserved word  interface  for  typeset  may  cause
              problems  with the output of `typeset -p', which assumes the re-
              served word interface is available in order to restore array and
              associative array values.

              Unlike parameter assignment statements, typeset's exit status on
              an assignment that involves a command substitution does not  re-
              flect  the  exit status of the command substitution.  Therefore,
              to test for an error in a  command  substitution,  separate  the
              declaration of the parameter from its initialization:

                     # WRONG
                     typeset var1=$(exit 1) || echo "Trouble with var1"

                     # RIGHT
                     typeset var1 && var1=$(exit 1) || echo "Trouble with var1"

              To  initialize a parameter param to a command output and mark it
              readonly, use typeset -r param or readonly param after  the  pa-
              rameter assignment statement.

              If  no  attribute  flags are given, and either no name arguments
              are present or the flag +m is used,  then  each  parameter  name
              printed  is preceded by a list of the attributes of that parame-
              ter (array, association, exported, float, integer, readonly,  or
              undefined  for  autoloaded parameters not yet loaded).  If +m is
              used with attribute flags, and all those  flags  are  introduced
              with  +, the matching parameter names are printed but their val-
              ues are not.

              The following control flags change the behavior of typeset:

              +      If `+' appears by itself in a separate word as  the  last
                     option,  then the names of all parameters (functions with
                     -f) are printed, but the  values  (function  bodies)  are
                     not.   No  name  arguments may appear, and it is an error
                     for any other options to follow `+'.  The effect  of  `+'
                     is  as if all attribute flags which precede it were given
                     with a `+' prefix.  For example, `typeset -U +' is equiv-
                     alent  to  `typeset +U' and displays the names of all ar-
                     rays having the uniqueness attribute, whereas `typeset -f
                     -U  +'  displays the names of all autoloadable functions.
                     If + is the only option, then  type  information  (array,
                     readonly,  etc.)  is  also printed for each parameter, in
                     the same manner as `typeset +m "*"'.

              -g     The -g (global) means that any resulting  parameter  will
                     not  be  restricted  to local scope.  Note that this does
                     not necessarily mean that the parameter will  be  global,
                     as the flag will apply to any existing parameter (even if
                     unset) from an enclosing function.  This  flag  does  not
                     affect  the parameter after creation, hence it has no ef-
                     fect when listing existing parameters, nor does the  flag
                     +g have any effect except in combination with -m (see be-
                     low).

              -m     If the -m flag is given the name arguments are  taken  as
                     patterns  (use quoting to prevent these from being inter-
                     preted as file patterns).  With no attribute  flags,  all
                     parameters  (or functions with the -f flag) with matching
                     names are printed (the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not
                     used in this case).

                     If the +g flag is combined with -m, a new local parameter
                     is created for every matching parameter that is  not  al-
                     ready local.  Otherwise -m applies all other flags or as-
                     signments to the existing parameters.

                     Except when assignments are made with  name=value,  using
                     +m forces the matching parameters and their attributes to
                     be printed, even inside a function.  Note that -m is  ig-
                     nored  if no patterns are given, so `typeset -m' displays
                     attributes but `typeset -a +m' does not.

              -p [ n ]
                     If the -p option is  given,  parameters  and  values  are
                     printed  in the form of a typeset command with an assign-
                     ment, regardless of other flags and options.   Note  that
                     the  -H flag on parameters is respected; no value will be
                     shown for these parameters.

                     -p may be followed by an optional integer argument.  Cur-
                     rently  only  the value 1 is supported.  In this case ar-
                     rays and associative arrays are printed with newlines be-
                     tween indented elements for readability.

              -T [ scalar[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
                     This  flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see
                     below.  Otherwise the -T option requires  zero,  two,  or
                     three  arguments  to  be present.  With no arguments, the
                     list of parameters created  in  this  fashion  is  shown.
                     With  two  or three arguments, the first two are the name
                     of a scalar and of an array  parameter  (in  that  order)
                     that  will  be  tied  together in the manner of $PATH and
                     $path.  The optional third argument is a single-character
                     separator  which will be used to join the elements of the
                     array to form the scalar; if absent, a colon is used,  as
                     with $PATH.  Only the first character of the separator is
                     significant;  any  remaining  characters   are   ignored.
                     Multibyte characters are not yet supported.

                     Only  one  of  the scalar and array parameters may be as-
                     signed an initial value (the restrictions  on  assignment
                     forms described above also apply).

                     Both  the scalar and the array may be manipulated as nor-
                     mal.  If one is unset, the other  will  automatically  be
                     unset  too.   There  is  no  way of untying the variables
                     without unsetting them, nor of converting the type of one
                     of  them  with another typeset command; +T does not work,
                     assigning an array to scalar is an error, and assigning a
                     scalar to array sets it to be a single-element array.

                     Note  that  both  `typeset  -xT ...'  and `export -T ...'
                     work, but only the scalar  will  be  marked  for  export.
                     Setting the value using the scalar version causes a split
                     on all separators (which cannot be quoted).  It is possi-
                     ble to apply -T to two previously tied variables but with
                     a different separator character, in which case the  vari-
                     ables  remain  joined  as  before  but  the  separator is
                     changed.

                     When an existing scalar is tied to a new array, the value
                     of  the  scalar  is preserved but no attribute other than
                     export will be preserved.

              Attribute flags that transform the final value (-L, -R, -Z,  -l,
              -u) are only applied to the expanded value at the point of a pa-
              rameter expansion expression using `$'.  They  are  not  applied
              when  a  parameter  is retrieved internally by the shell for any
              purpose.

              The following attribute flags may be specified:

              -A     The names refer to associative array parameters; see `Ar-
                     ray Parameters' in zshparam(1).

              -L [ n ]
                     Left  justify  and  remove  leading blanks from the value
                     when the parameter is expanded.  If n is nonzero, it  de-
                     fines the width of the field.  If n is zero, the width is
                     determined by the width of the value of the first assign-
                     ment.   In  the case of numeric parameters, the length of
                     the complete value assigned to the parameter is  used  to
                     determine the width, not the value that would be output.

                     The width is the count of characters, which may be multi-
                     byte characters if the MULTIBYTE  option  is  in  effect.
                     Note  that the screen width of the character is not taken
                     into account; if this is required, use padding  with  pa-
                     rameter  expansion  flags  ${(ml...)...}  as described in
                     `Parameter Expansion Flags' in zshexpn(1).

                     When the parameter is expanded, it is filled on the right
                     with  blanks  or truncated if necessary to fit the field.
                     Note truncation can lead to unexpected results  with  nu-
                     meric  parameters.   Leading  zeros are removed if the -Z
                     flag is also set.

              -R [ n ]
                     Similar to -L, except that right justification  is  used;
                     when  the parameter is expanded, the field is left filled
                     with blanks or truncated from the end.  May not  be  com-
                     bined with the -Z flag.

              -U     For  arrays  (but  not for associative arrays), keep only
                     the first occurrence of each duplicated value.  This  may
                     also  be  set for tied parameters (see -T) or colon-sepa-
                     rated special parameters like PATH or FIGNORE, etc.  Note
                     the  flag takes effect on assignment, and the type of the
                     variable being assigned to is  determinative;  for  vari-
                     ables  with  shared values it is therefore recommended to
                     set the flag for all interfaces, e.g.  `typeset  -U  PATH
                     path'.

                     This  flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see
                     below.

              -Z [ n ]
                     Specially handled if set along with the -L flag.   Other-
                     wise,  similar  to -R, except that leading zeros are used
                     for padding instead of  blanks  if  the  first  non-blank
                     character  is  a digit.  Numeric parameters are specially
                     handled: they are always eligible for  padding  with  ze-
                     roes, and the zeroes are inserted at an appropriate place
                     in the output.

              -a     The names refer to array parameters.  An array  parameter
                     may be created this way, but it may be assigned to in the
                     typeset statement only if the reserved word form of type-
                     set  is  enabled (as it is by default).  When displaying,
                     both normal and associative arrays are shown.

              -f     The names refer to functions rather than parameters.   No
                     assignments  can  be made, and the only other valid flags
                     are -t, -T, -k, -u, -U and -z.  The flag -t turns on exe-
                     cution  tracing  for  this function; the flag -T does the
                     same, but turns off tracing for any named (not anonymous)
                     function  called  from the present one, unless that func-
                     tion also has the -t or -T flag.  The  -u  and  -U  flags
                     cause  the function to be marked for autoloading; -U also
                     causes alias expansion to be suppressed when the function
                     is loaded.  See the description of the `autoload' builtin
                     for details.

                     Note that the builtin functions provides the  same  basic
                     capabilities  as typeset -f but gives access to a few ex-
                     tra options; autoload gives  further  additional  options
                     for the case typeset -fu and typeset -fU.

              -h     Hide:  only  useful  for special parameters (those marked
                     `<S>' in the table in zshparam(1)), and for local parame-
                     ters  with  the  same name as a special parameter, though
                     harmless for others.  A special parameter with  this  at-
                     tribute  will not retain its special effect when made lo-
                     cal.  Thus after `typeset -h PATH', a function containing
                     `typeset  PATH'  will  create an ordinary local parameter
                     without the usual behaviour of PATH.  Alternatively,  the
                     local parameter may itself be given this attribute; hence
                     inside a function `typeset -h PATH' creates  an  ordinary
                     local parameter and the special PATH parameter is not al-
                     tered in any way.  It is also possible to create a  local
                     parameter  using  `typeset  +h  special', where the local
                     copy of special will retain its  special  properties  re-
                     gardless  of having the -h attribute.  Global special pa-
                     rameters loaded from shell modules  (currently  those  in
                     zsh/mapfile  and  zsh/parameter)  are automatically given
                     the -h attribute to avoid name clashes.

              -H     Hide value: specifies that typeset will not  display  the
                     value  of the parameter when listing parameters; the dis-
                     play for such parameters is always as if the `+' flag had
                     been  given.   Use  of the parameter is in other respects
                     normal, and the option does not apply if the parameter is
                     specified  by  name,  or  by  pattern with the -m option.
                     This is on by default for the parameters in  the  zsh/pa-
                     rameter and zsh/mapfile modules.  Note, however, that un-
                     like the -h flag this is also useful for non-special  pa-
                     rameters.

              -i [ n ]
                     Use  an internal integer representation.  If n is nonzero
                     it defines the output arithmetic base,  otherwise  it  is
                     determined  by  the first assignment.  Bases from 2 to 36
                     inclusive are allowed.

              -E [ n ]
                     Use an internal double-precision floating point represen-
                     tation.  On output the variable will be converted to sci-
                     entific notation.  If n is nonzero it defines the  number
                     of significant figures to display; the default is ten.

              -F [ n ]
                     Use an internal double-precision floating point represen-
                     tation.  On output the  variable  will  be  converted  to
                     fixed-point decimal notation.  If n is nonzero it defines
                     the number of digits to display after the decimal  point;
                     the default is ten.

              -l     Convert  the  result to lower case whenever the parameter
                     is expanded.  The value is not converted when assigned.

              -r     The given names are marked readonly.  Note that  if  name
                     is  a  special  parameter,  the readonly attribute can be
                     turned on, but cannot then be turned off.

                     If the POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, the readonly  attri-
                     bute  is  more restrictive: unset variables can be marked
                     readonly and cannot then be set; furthermore,  the  read-
                     only attribute cannot be removed from any variable.

                     It  is  still  possible to change other attributes of the
                     variable though, some of which like -U or -Z would affect
                     the  value. More generally, the readonly attribute should
                     not be relied on as a security mechanism.

                     Note that in zsh (like in pdksh  but  unlike  most  other
                     shells)  it  is still possible to create a local variable
                     of the same name as this is considered a different  vari-
                     able (though this variable, too, can be marked readonly).
                     Special variables that have  been  made  readonly  retain
                     their value and readonly attribute when made local.

              -t     Tags  the named parameters.  Tags have no special meaning
                     to the shell.  This flag has  a  different  meaning  when
                     used with -f; see above.

              -u     Convert  the  result to upper case whenever the parameter
                     is expanded.  The value is not converted  when  assigned.
                     This  flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see
                     above.

              -x     Mark for automatic export to the  environment  of  subse-
                     quently  executed  commands.  If the option GLOBAL_EXPORT
                     is set, this implies the option -g, unless +g is also ex-
                     plicitly  given; in other words the parameter is not made
                     local to the enclosing function.  This is for compatibil-
                     ity with previous versions of zsh.

       ulimit [ -HSa ] [ { -bcdfiklmnpqrsTtvwx | -N resource } [ limit ] ... ]
              Set  or  display  resource limits of the shell and the processes
              started by the shell.  The value of limit can be a number in the
              unit specified below or one of the values `unlimited', which re-
              moves the limit on the resource, or `hard', which uses the  cur-
              rent value of the hard limit on the resource.

              By  default, only soft limits are manipulated. If the -H flag is
              given use hard limits instead of soft limits.  If the -S flag is
              given together with the -H flag set both hard and soft limits.

              If no options are used, the file size limit (-f) is assumed.

              If limit is omitted the current value of the specified resources
              are printed.  When more than one resource value is printed,  the
              limit name and unit is printed before each value.

              When looping over multiple resources, the shell will abort imme-
              diately if it detects a badly formed argument.  However,  if  it
              fails to set a limit for some other reason it will continue try-
              ing to set the remaining limits.

              Not all the following resources are supported  on  all  systems.
              Running ulimit -a will show which are supported.

              -a     Lists all of the current resource limits.
              -b     Socket buffer size in bytes (N.B. not kilobytes)
              -c     512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
              -d     Kilobytes on the size of the data segment.
              -f     512-byte blocks on the size of files written.
              -i     The number of pending signals.
              -k     The number of kqueues allocated.
              -l     Kilobytes on the size of locked-in memory.
              -m     Kilobytes on the size of physical memory.
              -n     open file descriptors.
              -p     The number of pseudo-terminals.
              -q     Bytes in POSIX message queues.
              -r     Maximum  real  time priority.  On some systems where this
                     is not available, such as NetBSD, this has the  same  ef-
                     fect as -T for compatibility with sh.
              -s     Kilobytes on the size of the stack.
              -T     The number of simultaneous threads available to the user.
              -t     CPU seconds to be used.
              -u     The number of processes available to the user.
              -v     Kilobytes on the size of virtual memory.  On some systems
                     this refers to the limit called `address space'.
              -w     Kilobytes on the size of swapped out memory.
              -x     The number of locks on files.

              A resource may also be specified by integer in the form `-N  re-
              source',  where  resource corresponds to the integer defined for
              the resource by the operating system.  This may be used  to  set
              the  limits for resources known to the shell which do not corre-
              spond to option letters.  Such limits will be shown by number in
              the output of `ulimit -a'.

              The  number may alternatively be out of the range of limits com-
              piled into the shell.  The shell will try to read or  write  the
              limit anyway, and will report an error if this fails.

       umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
              The umask is set to mask.  mask can be either an octal number or
              a symbolic value as described in chmod(1).  If mask is  omitted,
              the  current value is printed.  The -S option causes the mask to
              be printed as a symbolic value.  Otherwise, the mask is  printed
              as  an octal number.  Note that in the symbolic form the permis-
              sions you specify are those which are to be allowed (not denied)
              to the users specified.

       unalias [ -ams ] name ...
              Removes  aliases.  This command works the same as unhash -a, ex-
              cept that the -a option removes all regular or  global  aliases,
              or  with  -s  all suffix aliases: in this case no name arguments
              may appear.  The options -m (remove by pattern) and  -s  without
              -a (remove listed suffix aliases) behave as for unhash -a.  Note
              that the meaning of -a is different between unalias and unhash.

       unfunction
              Same as unhash -f.

       unhash [ -adfms ] name ...
              Remove the element named name from an internal hash table.   The
              default  is remove elements from the command hash table.  The -a
              option causes unhash to remove regular or global  aliases;  note
              when  removing a global aliases that the argument must be quoted
              to prevent it from being expanded before  being  passed  to  the
              command.   The -s option causes unhash to remove suffix aliases.
              The -f option causes unhash to remove shell functions.   The  -d
              options  causes  unhash  to remove named directories.  If the -m
              flag is given the arguments are taken  as  patterns  (should  be
              quoted)  and  all  elements of the corresponding hash table with
              matching names will be removed.

       unlimit [ -hs ] resource ...
              The resource limit for each resource is set to the  hard  limit.
              If  the  -h  flag  is given and the shell has appropriate privi-
              leges, the hard resource limit for  each  resource  is  removed.
              The  resources  of  the shell process are only changed if the -s
              flag is given.

              The unlimit command is not made available by  default  when  the
              shell  starts in a mode emulating another shell.  It can be made
              available with the command `zmodload -F zsh/rlimits b:unlimit'.

       unset [ -fmv ] name ...
              Each named parameter is unset.  Local  parameters  remain  local
              even  if unset; they appear unset within scope, but the previous
              value will still reappear when the scope ends.

              Individual elements of associative array parameters may be unset
              by  using  subscript  syntax on name, which should be quoted (or
              the entire command prefixed with noglob)  to  protect  the  sub-
              script from filename generation.

              If  the -m flag is specified the arguments are taken as patterns
              (should be quoted) and all parameters with  matching  names  are
              unset.  Note that this cannot be used when unsetting associative
              array elements, as the subscript will be treated as part of  the
              pattern.

              The  -v  flag  specifies that name refers to parameters. This is
              the default behaviour.

              unset -f is equivalent to unfunction.

       unsetopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ name ... ]
              Unset the options for the shell.  All options  specified  either
              with  flags or by name are unset.  If no arguments are supplied,
              the names of all options currently unset are printed.  If the -m
              flag  is given the arguments are taken as patterns (which should
              be quoted to preserve them from being interpreted as  glob  pat-
              terns),  and  all options with names matching these patterns are
              unset.

       vared  See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       wait [ job ... ]
              Wait for the specified jobs or processes.  If job is  not  given
              then  all currently active child processes are waited for.  Each
              job can be either a job specification or the process ID of a job
              in  the job table.  The exit status from this command is that of
              the job waited for.  If job represents an unknown job or process
              ID,  a  warning  is printed (unless the POSIX_BUILTINS option is
              set) and the exit status is 127.

              It is possible  to  wait  for  recent  processes  (specified  by
              process ID, not by job) that were running in the background even
              if the process has exited.  Typically the  process  ID  will  be
              recorded  by  capturing the value of the variable $! immediately
              after the process has been started.  There is  a  limit  on  the
              number  of process IDs remembered by the shell; this is given by
              the value of the system configuration parameter CHILD_MAX.  When
              this  limit  is  reached, older process IDs are discarded, least
              recently started processes first.

              Note there is no protection against  the  process  ID  wrapping,
              i.e.  if  the wait is not executed soon enough there is a chance
              the process waited for is the wrong  one.   A  conflict  implies
              both process IDs have been generated by the shell, as other pro-
              cesses are not recorded, and that the user is potentially inter-
              ested in both, so this problem is intrinsic to process IDs.

       whence [ -vcwfpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
              command name.

              If name is not an alias,  built-in  command,  external  command,
              shell  function,  hashed  command,  or a reserved word, the exit
              status shall be non-zero, and -- if -v, -c, or -w was passed  --
              a  message will be written to standard output.  (This is differ-
              ent from other shells that write that message  to  standard  er-
              ror.)

              whence  is most useful when name is only the last path component
              of a command, i.e. does not include a `/'; in  particular,  pat-
              tern  matching only succeeds if just the non-directory component
              of the command is passed.

              -v     Produce a more verbose report.

              -c     Print the results  in  a  csh-like  format.   This  takes
                     precedence over -v.

              -w     For  each  name,  print `name: word' where word is one of
                     alias, builtin, command, function,  hashed,  reserved  or
                     none,  according  as  name  corresponds  to  an  alias, a
                     built-in command, an external command, a shell  function,
                     a command defined with the hash builtin, a reserved word,
                     or is not recognised.  This takes precedence over -v  and
                     -c.

              -f     Causes  the contents of a shell function to be displayed,
                     which would otherwise not happen unless the -c flag  were
                     used.

              -p     Do  a  path  search  for name even if it is an alias, re-
                     served word, shell function or builtin.

              -a     Do a search for all occurrences of  name  throughout  the
                     command  path.   Normally  only  the  first occurrence is
                     printed.

              -m     The arguments are taken as patterns  (pattern  characters
                     should  be  quoted), and the information is displayed for
                     each command matching one of these patterns.

              -s     If a pathname contains symlinks, print  the  symlink-free
                     pathname as well.

              -S     As  -s, but if the pathname had to be resolved by follow-
                     ing  multiple  symlinks,  the  intermediate   steps   are
                     printed, too.  The symlink resolved at each step might be
                     anywhere in the path.

              -x num Expand tabs when outputting shell functions using the  -c
                     option.  This has the same effect as the -x option to the
                     functions builtin.

       where [ -wpmsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -ca.

       which [ -wpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -c.

       zcompile [ -U ] [ -z | -k ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -ca [ -m ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -t file [ name ... ]
              This builtin  command  can  be  used  to  compile  functions  or
              scripts,  storing  the  compiled  form in a file, and to examine
              files containing the compiled  form.   This  allows  faster  au-
              toloading of functions and sourcing of scripts by avoiding pars-
              ing of the text when the files are read.

              The first form (without the -c, -a or -t options) creates a com-
              piled file.  If only the file argument is given, the output file
              has the name `file.zwc' and will be placed in the same directory
              as  the  file.  The shell will load the compiled file instead of
              the normal function file when the function  is  autoloaded;  see
              the section `Autoloading Functions' in zshmisc(1) for a descrip-
              tion of how autoloaded functions are  searched.   The  extension
              .zwc stands for `zsh word code'.

              If  there is at least one name argument, all the named files are
              compiled into the output file given as the first  argument.   If
              file  does  not end in .zwc, this extension is automatically ap-
              pended.  Files containing multiple compiled functions are called
              `digest'  files,  and are intended to be used as elements of the
              FPATH/fpath special array.

              The second form, with the -c or -a options, writes the  compiled
              definitions  for all the named functions into file.  For -c, the
              names must be functions currently  defined  in  the  shell,  not
              those  marked  for  autoloading.   Undefined  functions that are
              marked for autoloading may be written by using the -a option, in
              which case the fpath is searched and the contents of the defini-
              tion files for those functions,  if  found,  are  compiled  into
              file.   If both -c and -a are given, names of both defined func-
              tions and functions marked for autoloading may be given.  In ei-
              ther  case, the functions in files written with the -c or -a op-
              tion will be autoloaded as if the KSH_AUTOLOAD option  were  un-
              set.

              The reason for handling loaded and not-yet-loaded functions with
              different options is that some definition files for  autoloading
              define  multiple functions, including the function with the same
              name as the file, and, at the end, call that function.  In  such
              cases  the  output  of  `zcompile -c' does not include the addi-
              tional functions defined in the file, and any other  initializa-
              tion code in the file is lost.  Using `zcompile -a' captures all
              this extra information.

              If the -m option is combined with -c or -a, the names  are  used
              as  patterns  and  all  functions whose names match one of these
              patterns will be written. If no name is given,  the  definitions
              of  all functions currently defined or marked as autoloaded will
              be written.

              Note the second form cannot be used for compiling functions that
              include  redirections  as  part  of  the  definition rather than
              within the body of the function; for example

                     fn1() { { ... } >~/logfile }

              can be compiled but

                     fn1() { ... } >~/logfile

              cannot.  It is possible to use the first  form  of  zcompile  to
              compile  autoloadable  functions  that include the full function
              definition instead of just the body of the function.

              The third form, with the -t option, examines  an  existing  com-
              piled  file.  Without further arguments, the names of the origi-
              nal files compiled into it are listed.  The first line of output
              shows  the  version of the shell which compiled the file and how
              the file will be used (i.e. by reading it directly or by mapping
              it  into memory).  With arguments, nothing is output and the re-
              turn status is set to zero if definitions  for  all  names  were
              found  in  the compiled file, and non-zero if the definition for
              at least one name was not found.

              Other options:

              -U     Aliases are not expanded when compiling the named files.

              -R     When the compiled file is read, its contents  are  copied
                     into  the  shell's memory, rather than memory-mapped (see
                     -M).  This happens automatically on systems that  do  not
                     support memory mapping.

                     When compiling scripts instead of autoloadable functions,
                     it is often desirable to use this option;  otherwise  the
                     whole  file, including the code to define functions which
                     have already been defined,  will  remain  mapped,  conse-
                     quently wasting memory.

              -M     The  compiled file is mapped into the shell's memory when
                     read. This is done in such a way that multiple  instances
                     of  the  shell  running  on the same host will share this
                     mapped file.  If neither -R nor -M is given, the zcompile
                     builtin  decides what to do based on the size of the com-
                     piled file.

              -k
              -z     These options are used when the  compiled  file  contains
                     functions which are to be autoloaded. If -z is given, the
                     function will be autoloaded as if the KSH_AUTOLOAD option
                     is  not  set,  even if it is set at the time the compiled
                     file is read, while if the -k is given, the function will
                     be  loaded as if KSH_AUTOLOAD is set.  These options also
                     take precedence over any -k or -z  options  specified  to
                     the  autoload  builtin.  If  neither  of these options is
                     given, the function will be loaded as determined  by  the
                     setting  of  the KSH_AUTOLOAD option at the time the com-
                     piled file is read.

                     These options may also appear as many times as  necessary
                     between  the listed names to specify the loading style of
                     all following functions, up to the next -k or -z.

                     The created file always contains two versions of the com-
                     piled  format,  one  for  big-endian machines and one for
                     small-endian machines.  The upshot of this  is  that  the
                     compiled file is machine independent and if it is read or
                     mapped, only one half of the file is actually  used  (and
                     mapped).

       zformat
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zftp   See the section `The zsh/zftp Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zle    See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       zmodload [ -dL ] [ -s ] [ ... ]
       zmodload -F [ -alLme -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
       zmodload -e [ -A ] [ ... ]
       zmodload [ -a [ -bcpf [ -I ] ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -u [ -abcdpf [ -I ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
       zmodload -R modalias ...
              Performs operations relating to zsh's loadable modules.  Loading
              of modules while the shell is running (`dynamical  loading')  is
              not  available on all operating systems, or on all installations
              on a particular operating system, although the zmodload  command
              itself is always available and can be used to manipulate modules
              built into versions of the shell  executable  without  dynamical
              loading.

              Without  arguments the names of all currently loaded binary mod-
              ules are printed.  The -L option causes this list to be  in  the
              form  of  a  series  of zmodload commands.  Forms with arguments
              are:

              zmodload [ -is ] name ...
              zmodload -u [ -i ] name ...
                     In the simplest case, zmodload  loads  a  binary  module.
                     The  module  must  be in a file with a name consisting of
                     the specified name followed by a standard suffix, usually
                     `.so' (`.sl' on HPUX).  If the module to be loaded is al-
                     ready loaded the duplicate module is ignored.   If  zmod-
                     load  detects an inconsistency, such as an invalid module
                     name or circular dependency list, the current code  block
                     is  aborted.  If it is available, the module is loaded if
                     necessary, while if it is not available, non-zero  status
                     is silently returned.  The option -i is accepted for com-
                     patibility but has no effect.

                     The named module is searched for in the same way  a  com-
                     mand  is,  using $module_path instead of $path.  However,
                     the path search is performed even when  the  module  name
                     contains  a  `/', which it usually does.  There is no way
                     to prevent the path search.

                     If the module supports  features  (see  below),  zmodload
                     tries  to  enable all features when loading a module.  If
                     the module was successfully loaded but not  all  features
                     could be enabled, zmodload returns status 2.

                     If  the  option  -s  is given, no error is printed if the
                     module was not available (though other errors  indicating
                     a  problem with the module are printed).  The return sta-
                     tus indicates if the module was loaded.  This  is  appro-
                     priate if the caller considers the module optional.

                     With -u, zmodload unloads modules.  The same name must be
                     given that was given when the module was loaded,  but  it
                     is not necessary for the module to exist in the file sys-
                     tem.  The -i option suppresses the error if the module is
                     already unloaded (or was never loaded).

                     Each  module has a boot and a cleanup function.  The mod-
                     ule will not be loaded if its boot function fails.  Simi-
                     larly  a module can only be unloaded if its cleanup func-
                     tion runs successfully.

              zmodload -F [ -almLe -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
                     zmodload -F allows more selective control over  the  fea-
                     tures  provided  by  modules.  With no options apart from
                     -F, the module named module is loaded, if it was not  al-
                     ready  loaded, and the list of features is set to the re-
                     quired state.  If no features are specified,  the  module
                     is loaded, if it was not already loaded, but the state of
                     features is unchanged.  Each feature may be preceded by a
                     +  to  turn the feature on, or - to turn it off; the + is
                     assumed if neither character is present.  Any feature not
                     explicitly mentioned is left in its current state; if the
                     module was not previously loaded this means any such fea-
                     tures will remain disabled.  The return status is zero if
                     all features were set, 1 if the module  failed  to  load,
                     and  2  if some features could not be set (for example, a
                     parameter couldn't be added because there was a different
                     parameter of the same name) but the module was loaded.

                     The  standard  features are builtins, conditions, parame-
                     ters and math functions; these are indicated by the  pre-
                     fix  `b:',  `c:'  (`C:' for an infix condition), `p:' and
                     `f:', respectively, followed by the name that the  corre-
                     sponding  feature  would have in the shell.  For example,
                     `b:strftime'  indicates  a  builtin  named  strftime  and
                     p:EPOCHSECONDS  indicates a parameter named EPOCHSECONDS.
                     The module may provide other (`abstract') features of its
                     own as indicated by its documentation; these have no pre-
                     fix.

                     With -l or  -L,  features  provided  by  the  module  are
                     listed.   With -l alone, a list of features together with
                     their states is shown, one feature  per  line.   With  -L
                     alone,  a  zmodload  -F  command that would cause enabled
                     features of the module to be turned on  is  shown.   With
                     -lL,  a zmodload -F command that would cause all the fea-
                     tures to be set to their current state is shown.  If  one
                     of  these  combinations is given with the option -P param
                     then the parameter param is set to an array of  features,
                     either features together with their state or (if -L alone
                     is given) enabled features.

                     With the option -L the module name may be omitted; then a
                     list  of  all  enabled features for all modules providing
                     features is printed in the form of zmodload -F  commands.
                     If  -l  is also given, the state of both enabled and dis-
                     abled features is output in that form.

                     A set of features may be provided together with -l or  -L
                     and  a  module name; in that case only the state of those
                     features is considered.  Each feature may be preceded  by
                     +  or  -  but  the character has no effect.  If no set of
                     features is provided, all features are considered.

                     With -e, the command  first  tests  that  the  module  is
                     loaded;  if it is not, status 1 is returned.  If the mod-
                     ule is loaded, the list of features given as an  argument
                     is  examined.  Any feature given with no prefix is simply
                     tested to see if the  module  provides  it;  any  feature
                     given  with  a  prefix + or - is tested to see if is pro-
                     vided and in the given state.  If the tests on  all  fea-
                     tures  in  the  list  succeed, status 0 is returned, else
                     status 1.

                     With -m, each entry in the  given  list  of  features  is
                     taken as a pattern to be matched against the list of fea-
                     tures provided by the module.  An initial + or - must  be
                     given  explicitly.   This may not be combined with the -a
                     option as autoloads must be specified explicitly.

                     With -a, the given list of features  is  marked  for  au-
                     toload  from  the  specified module, which may not yet be
                     loaded.  An optional +  may  appear  before  the  feature
                     name.   If  the  feature is prefixed with -, any existing
                     autoload is removed.  The options -l and -L may  be  used
                     to list autoloads.  Autoloading is specific to individual
                     features; when the module is loaded  only  the  requested
                     feature  is  enabled.  Autoload requests are preserved if
                     the module is subsequently  unloaded  until  an  explicit
                     `zmodload  -Fa  module -feature' is issued.  It is not an
                     error to request an autoload for a feature  of  a  module
                     that is already loaded.

                     When  the  module  is  loaded  each  autoload  is checked
                     against the features actually provided by the module;  if
                     the  feature  is  not  provided  the  autoload request is
                     deleted.  A warning message is output; if the  module  is
                     being loaded to provide a different feature, and that au-
                     toload is successful, there is no effect on the status of
                     the  current command.  If the module is already loaded at
                     the time when zmodload -Fa is run, an  error  message  is
                     printed and status 1 returned.

                     zmodload  -Fa  can be used with the -l, -L, -e and -P op-
                     tions for listing and testing the existence of  autoload-
                     able features.  In this case -l is ignored if -L is spec-
                     ified.  zmodload -FaL with no module name lists autoloads
                     for all modules.

                     Note  that  only standard features as described above can
                     be autoloaded; other features require the  module  to  be
                     loaded before enabling.

              zmodload -d [ -L ] [ name ]
              zmodload -d name dep ...
              zmodload -ud name [ dep ... ]
                     The -d option can be used to specify module dependencies.
                     The modules named in the second and subsequent  arguments
                     will be loaded before the module named in the first argu-
                     ment.

                     With -d and one argument, all dependencies for that  mod-
                     ule are listed.  With -d and no arguments, all module de-
                     pendencies are listed.  This listing is by default  in  a
                     Makefile-like  format.  The -L option changes this format
                     to a list of zmodload -d commands.

                     If -d and -u are both used, dependencies are removed.  If
                     only  one  argument  is  given, all dependencies for that
                     module are removed.

              zmodload -ab [ -L ]
              zmodload -ab [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ub [ -i ] builtin ...
                     The -ab option defines autoloaded builtins.   It  defines
                     the  specified  builtins.   When any of those builtins is
                     called, the module specified in  the  first  argument  is
                     loaded  and  all  its features are enabled (for selective
                     control of features use `zmodload  -F  -a'  as  described
                     above).   If  only  the name is given, one builtin is de-
                     fined, with the same name as the module.   -i  suppresses
                     the  error  if  the  builtin  is  already  defined or au-
                     toloaded, but not if another builtin of the same name  is
                     already defined.

                     With  -ab  and  no arguments, all autoloaded builtins are
                     listed, with the module  name  (if  different)  shown  in
                     parentheses  after  the  builtin  name.   The  -L  option
                     changes this format to a list of zmodload -a commands.

                     If -b is used together with the  -u  option,  it  removes
                     builtins  previously defined with -ab.  This is only pos-
                     sible if the builtin is not yet  loaded.   -i  suppresses
                     the error if the builtin is already removed (or never ex-
                     isted).

                     Autoload requests are retained if the  module  is  subse-
                     quently unloaded until an explicit `zmodload -ub builtin'
                     is issued.

              zmodload -ac [ -IL ]
              zmodload -ac [ -iI ] name [ cond ... ]
              zmodload -uc [ -iI ] cond ...
                     The -ac option is used  to  define  autoloaded  condition
                     codes.  The cond strings give the names of the conditions
                     defined by the module. The optional -I option is used  to
                     define  infix condition names. Without this option prefix
                     condition names are defined.

                     If given no condition names, all defined names are listed
                     (as  a  series  of  zmodload commands if the -L option is
                     given).

                     The -uc option removes definitions for autoloaded  condi-
                     tions.

              zmodload -ap [ -L ]
              zmodload -ap [ -i ] name [ parameter ... ]
              zmodload -up [ -i ] parameter ...
                     The  -p  option  is like the -b and -c options, but makes
                     zmodload work on autoloaded parameters instead.

              zmodload -af [ -L ]
              zmodload -af [ -i ] name [ function ... ]
              zmodload -uf [ -i ] function ...
                     The -f option is like the -b, -p,  and  -c  options,  but
                     makes zmodload work on autoloaded math functions instead.

              zmodload -a [ -L ]
              zmodload -a [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ua [ -i ] builtin ...
                     Equivalent to -ab and -ub.

              zmodload -e [ -A ] [ string ... ]
                     The -e option without arguments lists all loaded modules;
                     if the -A option is also  given,  module  aliases  corre-
                     sponding  to loaded modules are also shown.  If arguments
                     are provided, nothing is printed; the  return  status  is
                     set  to  zero if all strings given as arguments are names
                     of loaded modules and to one if at least on string is not
                     the  name  of  a loaded module.  This can be used to test
                     for the availability of things  implemented  by  modules.
                     In  this case, any aliases are automatically resolved and
                     the -A flag is not used.

              zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
                     For each argument, if both modalias and module are given,
                     define modalias to be an alias for the module module.  If
                     the module modalias is ever subsequently  requested,  ei-
                     ther via a call to zmodload or implicitly, the shell will
                     attempt to load module instead.  If module is not  given,
                     show  the  definition  of  modalias.  If no arguments are
                     given, list all defined module aliases.  When listing, if
                     the  -L  flag  was  also  given, list the definition as a
                     zmodload command to recreate the alias.

                     The existence of aliases for modules is completely  inde-
                     pendent  of  whether the name resolved is actually loaded
                     as a module: while the alias exists, loading and  unload-
                     ing  the  module under any alias has exactly the same ef-
                     fect as using the resolved name, and does not affect  the
                     connection  between the alias and the resolved name which
                     can be removed either by zmodload -R or by redefining the
                     alias.   Chains of aliases (i.e. where the first resolved
                     name is itself an alias) are valid so long as  these  are
                     not  circular.   As  the  aliases take the same format as
                     module names, they may include path separators:  in  this
                     case,  there  is  no requirement for any part of the path
                     named to exist as the alias will be resolved first.   For
                     example, `any/old/alias' is always a valid alias.

                     Dependencies  added to aliased modules are actually added
                     to the resolved module; these remain if the alias is  re-
                     moved.   It is valid to create an alias whose name is one
                     of the standard shell modules and  which  resolves  to  a
                     different module.  However, if a module has dependencies,
                     it will not be possible to use  the  module  name  as  an
                     alias  as the module will already be marked as a loadable
                     module in its own right.

                     Apart from the above, aliases can be used in the zmodload
                     command  anywhere  module  names  are required.  However,
                     aliases will not be shown in lists of loaded modules with
                     a bare `zmodload'.

              zmodload -R modalias ...
                     For each modalias argument that was previously defined as
                     a module alias via zmodload -A, delete the alias.  If any
                     was  not defined, an error is caused and the remainder of
                     the line is ignored.

              Note that zsh makes no distinction  between  modules  that  were
              linked  into  the shell and modules that are loaded dynamically.
              In both cases this builtin command has to be used to make avail-
              able  the  builtins  and other things defined by modules (unless
              the module is autoloaded on these  definitions).  This  is  true
              even for systems that don't support dynamic loading of modules.

       zparseopts
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zprof  See the section `The zsh/zprof Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zpty   See the section `The zsh/zpty Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zregexparse
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zsocket
              See the section `The zsh/net/socket Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zstyle See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       ztcp   See the section `The zsh/net/tcp Module' in zshmodules(1).

zsh 5.8                        February 14, 2020                ZSHBUILTINS(1)

NAME | SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS