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RESOLVER(3)                Linux Programmer's Manual               RESOLVER(3)

NAME
       res_ninit,   res_nclose,   res_nquery,  res_nsearch,  res_nquerydomain,
       res_nmkquery, res_nsend, res_init, res_query, res_search,  res_querydo-
       main, res_mkquery, res_send, dn_comp, dn_expand - resolver routines

SYNOPSIS
       #include <netinet/in.h>
       #include <arpa/nameser.h>
       #include <resolv.h>

       struct __res_state;
       typedef struct __res_state *res_state;

       int res_ninit(res_state statep);

       void res_nclose(res_state statep);

       int res_nquery(res_state statep,
                  const char *dname, int class, int type,
                  unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

       int res_nsearch(res_state statep,
                  const char *dname, int class, int type,
                  unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

       int res_nquerydomain(res_state statep,
                  const char *name, const char *domain,
                  int class, int type, unsigned char *answer,
                  int anslen);

       int res_nmkquery(res_state statep,
                  int op, const char *dname, int class,
                  int type, const unsigned char *data, int datalen,
                  const unsigned char *newrr,
                  unsigned char *buf, int buflen);

       int res_nsend(res_state statep,
                  const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
                  unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

       int dn_comp(const char *exp_dn, unsigned char *comp_dn,
                  int length, unsigned char **dnptrs,
                  unsigned char **lastdnptr);

       int dn_expand(const unsigned char *msg,
                  const unsigned char *eomorig,
                  const unsigned char *comp_dn, char *exp_dn,
                  int length);

   Deprecated
       extern struct __res_state _res;

       int res_init(void);

       int res_query(const char *dname, int class, int type,
                  unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

       int res_search(const char *dname, int class, int type,
                  unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

       int res_querydomain(const char *name, const char *domain,
                  int class, int type, unsigned char *answer,
                  int anslen);

       int res_mkquery(int op, const char *dname, int class,
                  int type, const unsigned char *data, int datalen,
                  const unsigned char *newrr,
                  unsigned char *buf, int buflen);

       int res_send(const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
                  unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

       Link with -lresolv.

DESCRIPTION
       Note:  This  page is incomplete (various resolver functions provided by
       glibc are not described) and likely out of date.

       The functions described below make queries to  and  interpret  the  re-
       sponses from Internet domain name servers.

       The  API  consists  of a set of more modern, reentrant functions and an
       older set of nonreentrant functions that  have  been  superseded.   The
       traditional  resolver interfaces such as res_init() and res_query() use
       some static (global) state stored  in  the  _res  structure,  rendering
       these  functions non-thread-safe.  BIND 8.2 introduced a set of new in-
       terfaces res_ninit(), res_nquery(), and so on, which take  a  res_state
       as their first argument, so you can use a per-thread resolver state.

       The  res_ninit()  and res_init() functions read the configuration files
       (see resolv.conf(5)) to get the default domain name and name server ad-
       dress(es).   If no server is given, the local host is tried.  If no do-
       main is given, that associated with the local host is used.  It can  be
       overridden  with  the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN.  res_ninit() or
       res_init() is normally executed by the first call to one of  the  other
       functions.   Every call to res_ninit() requires a corresponding call to
       res_nclose() to free memory allocated  by  res_ninit()  and  subsequent
       calls to res_nquery().

       The  res_nquery()  and  res_query() functions query the name server for
       the fully qualified domain name name of specified type and class.   The
       reply  is  left  in  the buffer answer of length anslen supplied by the
       caller.

       The res_nsearch() and res_search() functions make a query and waits for
       the  response  like  res_nquery() and res_query(), but in addition they
       implement the default and search rules controlled by  RES_DEFNAMES  and
       RES_DNSRCH (see description of _res options below).

       The res_nquerydomain() and res_querydomain() functions make a query us-
       ing res_nquery()/res_query() on the concatenation of name and domain.

       The   following   functions   are   lower-level   routines   used    by
       res_query()/res_query().

       The  res_nmkquery()  and res_mkquery() functions construct a query mes-
       sage in buf of length buflen for the domain name dname.  The query type
       op is one of the following (typically QUERY):

       QUERY  Standard query.

       IQUERY Inverse  query.  This option was removed in glibc 2.26, since it
              has not been supported by DNS servers for a very long time.

       NS_NOTIFY_OP
              Notify secondary of SOA (Start of Authority) change.

       newrr is currently unused.

       The res_nsend() and res_send() function send a preformatted query given
       in  msg  of  length msglen and returns the answer in answer which is of
       length anslen.  They will call res_ninit()/res_init() if it has not al-
       ready been called.

       The  dn_comp() function compresses the domain name exp_dn and stores it
       in the buffer comp_dn of length length.  The compression uses an  array
       of  pointers  dnptrs to previously compressed names in the current mes-
       sage.  The first pointer points to the beginning of the message and the
       list ends with NULL.  The limit of the array is specified by lastdnptr.
       If dnptr is NULL, domain names are not  compressed.   If  lastdnptr  is
       NULL, the list of labels is not updated.

       The  dn_expand() function expands the compressed domain name comp_dn to
       a full domain name, which is  placed  in  the  buffer  exp_dn  of  size
       length.   The compressed name is contained in a query or reply message,
       and msg points to the beginning of the message.

       The resolver routines use configuration and state information contained
       in a __res_state structure (either passed as the statep argument, or in
       the global variable _res, in the case of the older  nonreentrant  func-
       tions).   The only field of this structure that is normally manipulated
       by the user is the options field.  This field can contain  the  bitwise
       "OR" of the following options:

       RES_INIT
              True if res_ninit() or res_init() has been called.

       RES_DEBUG
              Print  debugging  messages.   This  option  is available only if
              glibc was built with debugging enabled, which  is  not  the  de-
              fault.

       RES_AAONLY (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)
              Accept  authoritative  answers only.  res_send() continues until
              it finds an authoritative answer or returns an error.  This  op-
              tion  was present but unimplemented in glibc until version 2.24;
              since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and  its  usage  produces  a
              warning.

       RES_USEVC
              Use TCP connections for queries rather than UDP datagrams.

       RES_PRIMARY (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)
              Query  primary domain name server only.  This option was present
              but unimplemented in glibc until version 2.24; since glibc 2.25,
              it is deprecated, and its usage produces a warning.

       RES_IGNTC
              Ignore truncation errors.  Don't retry with TCP.

       RES_RECURSE
              Set  the recursion desired bit in queries.  Recursion is carried
              out by the domain name server, not by res_send().   [Enabled  by
              default].

       RES_DEFNAMES
              If set, res_search() will append the default domain name to sin-
              gle component names--that is, those that do not contain  a  dot.
              [Enabled by default].

       RES_STAYOPEN
              Used  with  RES_USEVC  to  keep  the TCP connection open between
              queries.

       RES_DNSRCH
              If set, res_search() will search for hostnames  in  the  current
              domain and in parent domains.  This option is used by gethostby-
              name(3).  [Enabled by default].

       RES_INSECURE1
              Accept a response from a wrong server.  This can be used to  de-
              tect  potential  security hazards, but you need to compile glibc
              with debugging enabled and use RES_DEBUG option (for debug  pur-
              pose only).

       RES_INSECURE2
              Accept  a  response  which  contains a wrong query.  This can be
              used to detect potential security hazards, but you need to  com-
              pile  glibc with debugging enabled and use RES_DEBUG option (for
              debug purpose only).

       RES_NOALIASES
              Disable usage of HOSTALIASES environment variable.

       RES_USE_INET6
              Try an AAAA query before an A query inside the  gethostbyname(3)
              function,  and  map IPv4 responses in IPv6 "tunneled form" if no
              AAAA records are found but an A record set exists.  Since  glibc
              2.25,  this option is deprecated, and its usage produces a warn-
              ing; applications should use getaddrinfo(3), rather  than  geth-
              ostbyname(3).

       RES_ROTATE
              Causes  round-robin  selection  of name servers from among those
              listed.  This has the effect of spreading the query  load  among
              all listed servers, rather than having all clients try the first
              listed server first every time.

       RES_NOCHECKNAME (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)
              Disable the modern BIND checking of incoming hostnames and  mail
              names  for invalid characters such as underscore (_), non-ASCII,
              or control characters.  This option was present in  glibc  until
              version  2.24; since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage
              produces a warning.

       RES_KEEPTSIG (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)
              Do not strip TSIG records.  This option was present but unimple-
              mented in glibc until version 2.24; since glibc 2.25, it is dep-
              recated, and its usage produces a warning.

       RES_BLAST  (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)
              Send each query simultaneously and recursively to  all  servers.
              This option was present but unimplemented in glibc until version
              2.24; since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage produces
              a warning.

       RES_USEBSTRING (glibc 2.3.4 to 2.24)
              Make  reverse  IPv6 lookups using the bit-label format described
              in RFC 2673; if this option is not set (which is  the  default),
              then  nibble  format  is used.  This option was removed in glibc
              2.25, since it relied on a backward-incompatible  DNS  extension
              that was never deployed on the Internet.

       RES_NOIP6DOTINT (glibc 2.24 and earlier)
              Use  ip6.arpa  zone  in  IPv6 reverse lookup instead of ip6.int,
              which is deprecated since glibc 2.3.4.  This option  is  present
              in  glibc  up to and including version 2.24, where it is enabled
              by default.  In glibc 2.25, this option was removed.

       RES_USE_EDNS0 (since glibc 2.6)
              Enables support for the DNS extensions (EDNS0) described in  RFC
              2671.

       RES_SNGLKUP (since glibc 2.10)
              By  default,  glibc  performs  IPv4 and IPv6 lookups in parallel
              since version 2.9.  Some appliance  DNS  servers  cannot  handle
              these queries properly and make the requests time out.  This op-
              tion disables the behavior and makes glibc perform the IPv6  and
              IPv4  requests sequentially (at the cost of some slowdown of the
              resolving process).

       RES_SNGLKUPREOP
              When RES_SNGLKUP option is enabled, opens a new socket  for  the
              each request.

       RES_USE_DNSSEC
              Use  DNSSEC  with  OK  bit  in  OPT record.  This option implies
              RES_USE_EDNS0.

       RES_NOTLDQUERY
              Do not look up unqualified name as a top-level domain (TLD).

       RES_DEFAULT
              Default  option  which   implies:   RES_RECURSE,   RES_DEFNAMES,
              RES_DNSRCH and RES_NOIP6DOTINT.

RETURN VALUE
       The  res_ninit() and res_init() functions return 0 on success, or -1 if
       an error occurs.

       The res_nquery(), res_query(), res_nsearch(), res_search(), res_nquery-
       domain(),     res_querydomain(),     res_nmkquery(),     res_mkquery(),
       res_nsend(), and res_send() functions return  the  length  of  the  re-
       sponse, or -1 if an error occurs.

       The  dn_comp()  and dn_expand() functions return the length of the com-
       pressed name, or -1 if an error occurs.

       In  the  case  of  an  error  return  from  res_nquery(),  res_query(),
       res_nsearch(),  res_search(), res_nquerydomain(), or res_querydomain(),
       the global variable h_errno (see gethostbyname(3)) can be consulted  to
       determine the cause of the error.

FILES
       /etc/resolv.conf
              resolver configuration file

       /etc/host.conf
              resolver configuration file

ATTRIBUTES
       For  an  explanation  of  the  terms  used  in  this  section,  see at-
       tributes(7).

       +-----------------------------------+---------------+----------------+
       |Interface                          | Attribute     | Value          |
       +-----------------------------------+---------------+----------------+
       |res_ninit(),         res_nclose(), | Thread safety | MT-Safe locale |
       |res_nquery(),                      |               |                |
       |res_nsearch(), res_nquerydomain(), |               |                |
       |res_nsend()                        |               |                |
       +-----------------------------------+---------------+----------------+
       |res_nmkquery(), dn_comp(),         | Thread safety | MT-Safe        |
       |dn_expand()                        |               |                |
       +-----------------------------------+---------------+----------------+

CONFORMING TO
       4.3BSD.

SEE ALSO
       gethostbyname(3), resolv.conf(5), resolver(5), hostname(7), named(8)

       The GNU C library source file resolv/README.

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
       description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
       latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

GNU                               2019-03-06                       RESOLVER(3)

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | FILES | ATTRIBUTES | CONFORMING TO | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON